Question

Starting with definition of force as rate of change of 3-momentum with time, derive the expression of force in special theory of relativity.

Answer 1

linear momentum, translational momentum, or simply momentum (pl. momenta) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object. It is a vector quantity, possessing a magnitude and a direction in three-dimensional space. If m is an object's mass and v is the velocity (also a vector), then the momentum is

Momentum

Momentum of a pool cue ball is transferred to the racked balls after collision.

Common symbols

p, pSI unitkilogram meter per second kg⋅m/s

Other units

slug⋅ft/sConserved?YesDimensionMLT−1{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =m\mathbf {v} ,}

In SI units, it is measured in kilogram meters per second (kg⋅m/s). Newton's second law of motion states that a body's rate of change in momentum is equal to the net force acting on it.

Momentum depends on the frame of reference, but in any inertial frame it is a conserved quantity, meaning that if a closed system is not affected by external forces, its total linear momentum does not change. Momentum is also conserved in special relativity (with a modified formula) and, in a modified form, in electrodynamics, quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, and general relativity. It is an expression of one of the fundamental symmetries of space and time: translational symmetry.

Advanced formulations of classical mechanics, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics, allow one to choose coordinate systems that incorporate symmetries and constraints. In these systems the conserved quantity is generalized momentum, and in general this is different from the kineticmomentum defined above. The concept of generalized momentum is carried over into quantum mechanics, where it becomes an operator on a wave function. The momentum and position operators are related by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

In continuous systems such as electromagnetic fields, fluids and deformable bodies, a momentum density can be defined, and a continuum version of the conservation of momentum leads to equations such as the Navier–Stokes equations for fluids or the Cauchy momentum equation for deformable solids or fluids.

Answer 2

Answer:

$\maltese\underline{\textsf{\textbf{AnsWer :}}}\:\maltese✠$

Let initial momentum ($p_i$) be mu

Let final momentum ($p_f$) be mv

According to 2nd law of motion

$\frac{p_f - p_i}{t} \propto \: f$

$\implies \: f \propto \frac{mv \: - mu}{t}$

$\implies \: f \propto \frac{m(v - u)}{t}$

$f \propto \: ma \: \: \: \: \: \: ( \frac{v - u}{t } = a )$

To remove the proportionality sign. We would add k as the proportionality constant

$f = kma \\ f = ma \:$

because by the definition of force k = 1

$\footnotesize \longrightarrow\: \underline{ \boxed{\sf Force \:= \: mass \times \: acceleration}}$