State & explain Newton's law of gravitation
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Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
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Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.[note 1] This is a general physical law derived from empirical observations by what Isaac Newton calledinductive reasoning.[1] It is a part of classical mechanics and was formulated in Newton's work Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("the Principia"), first published on 5 July 1687. When Newton presented Book 1 of the unpublished text in April 1686 to theRoyal Society, Robert Hooke made a claim that Newton had obtained the inverse square law from him.
In today's language, the law states that everypoint mass attracts every other point mass by a force acting along the line intersecting the two points. The force is proportional to theproduct of the two masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.[2]
The equation for universal gravitation thus takes the form:
{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}\ }
where F is the gravitational force acting between two objects, m1 and m2 are the masses of the objects, r is the distance between the centers of their masses, and G is the gravitational constant.
The first test of Newton's theory of gravitation between masses in the laboratory was theCavendish experiment conducted by theBritish scientist Henry Cavendish in 1798.[3] It took place 111 years after the publication of Newton's Principia and approximately 71 years after his death.
Newton's law of gravitation resemblesCoulomb's law of electrical forces, which is used to calculate the magnitude of the electrical force arising between two charged bodies. Both are inverse-square laws, where force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the bodies. Coulomb's law has the product of two charges in place of the product of the masses, and theelectrostatic constant in place of the gravitational constant.
Newton's law has since been superseded byAlbert Einstein's theory of general relativity, but it continues to be used as an excellent approximation of the effects of gravity in most applications. Relativity is required only when there is a need for extreme accuracy, or when dealing with very strong gravitational fields, such as those found near extremely massive and dense objects, or at very close distances (such as Mercury's orbit around the Sun).
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In today's language, the law states that everypoint mass attracts every other point mass by a force acting along the line intersecting the two points. The force is proportional to theproduct of the two masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.[2]
The equation for universal gravitation thus takes the form:
{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}\ }
where F is the gravitational force acting between two objects, m1 and m2 are the masses of the objects, r is the distance between the centers of their masses, and G is the gravitational constant.
The first test of Newton's theory of gravitation between masses in the laboratory was theCavendish experiment conducted by theBritish scientist Henry Cavendish in 1798.[3] It took place 111 years after the publication of Newton's Principia and approximately 71 years after his death.
Newton's law of gravitation resemblesCoulomb's law of electrical forces, which is used to calculate the magnitude of the electrical force arising between two charged bodies. Both are inverse-square laws, where force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the bodies. Coulomb's law has the product of two charges in place of the product of the masses, and theelectrostatic constant in place of the gravitational constant.
Newton's law has since been superseded byAlbert Einstein's theory of general relativity, but it continues to be used as an excellent approximation of the effects of gravity in most applications. Relativity is required only when there is a need for extreme accuracy, or when dealing with very strong gravitational fields, such as those found near extremely massive and dense objects, or at very close distances (such as Mercury's orbit around the Sun).
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