state and prove Bernoulli's Theorem.
Answers
Answer:
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Explanation:
In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in static pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.[1](Ch.3)[2](§ 3.5) The principle is named after Daniel Bernoulli who published it in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738.[3] Although Bernoulli deduced that pressure decreases when the flow speed increases, it was Leonhard Euler who derived Bernoulli's equation in its usual form in 1752.[4][5] The principle is only applicable for isentropic flows: when the effects of irreversible processes (like turbulence) and non-adiabatic processes (e.g. heat radiation) are small and can be neglected.
Bernoulli's principle can be applied to various types of fluid flow, resulting in various forms of Bernoulli's equation; there are different forms of Bernoulli's equation for different types of flow. The simple form of Bernoulli's equation is valid for incompressible flows (e.g. most liquid flows and gases moving at low Mach number). More advanced forms may be applied to compressible flows at higher Mach numbers (see the derivations of the Bernoulli equation).
Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of energy. This states that, in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline. This requires that the sum of kinetic energy, potential energy and internal energy remains constant.[2](§ 3.5) Thus an increase in the speed of the fluid – implying an increase in its kinetic energy (dynamic pressure) – occurs with a simultaneous decrease in (the sum of) its potential energy (including the static pressure) and internal energy. If the fluid is flowing out of a reservoir, the sum of all forms of energy is the same on all streamlines because in a reservoir the energy per unit volume (the sum of pressure and gravitational potential ρ g h) is the same everywhere.[6](Example 3.5)
Bernoulli's principle can also be derived directly from Isaac Newton's Second Law of Motion. If a small volume of fluid is flowing horizontally from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure, then there is more pressure behind than in front. This gives a net force on the volume, accelerating it along the streamline.[a][b][c]
Fluid particles are subject only to pressure and their own weight. If a fluid is flowing horizontally and along a section of a streamline, where the speed increases it can only be because the fluid on that section has moved from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure; and if its speed decreases, it can only be because it has moved from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. Consequently, within a fluid flowing horizontally, the highest speed occurs where the pressure is lowest, and the lowest speed occurs where the pressure is highest.[10]
Proof:
Consider a fluid of negligible viscosity moving with laminar flow, as shown in Figure 1.

Let the velocity, pressure and area of the fluid column be v1, P1 and A1 at Q and v2, P2 and A2 at R. Let the volume bounded by Q and R move to S and T where QS = L1, and RT = L2. If the fluid is incompressible:
A1L1 = A2L2
The work done by the pressure difference per unit volume = gain in k.e. per unit volume + gain in p.e. per unit volume. Now:
Work done = force x distance = p x volume
Net work done per unit volume = P1 - P2
k.e. per unit volume = ½ mv2 = ½ Vρ v2 = ½ρv2 (V = 1 for unit volume)
Therefore:
k.e. gained per unit volume = ½ ρ(v22 - v12)
p.e. gained per unit volume = ρg(h2 – h1)
where h1 and h2 are the heights of Q and R above some reference level. Therefore:
P1 - P2 = ½ ρ(v12 – v22) + ρg(h2 - h1)
P1 + ½ ρv12 + ρgh1 = P2 + ½ ρv22 + rgh2
Therefore:
P + ½ ρv2 + ρgh is a constant
For a horizontal tube h1 = h2 and so we have:
P + ½ ρv2 = a constant
This is Bernoulli's theorem You can see that if there is a increase in velocity there must be a decrease of pressure and vice versa.
No fluid is totally incompressible but in practice the general qualitative assumptions still hold for real fluids.
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