state and prove Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and what are it's consequences?
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Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: What Is It?
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle is an important discovery on the nature of matter. It states that we cannot simultaneously know the exact position and exact momentum of a particle.
Classical Mechanics: Safe and Predictable
If we think about a pitcher throwing a baseball to the catcher, it's often possible for the batter to predict where the ball will end up based on the direction the ball appears to go, as well as how the ball is released. In fact, if the batter had fancy software and a computer to calculate the trajectory, he probably would have no problem getting a hit every time! That's because we know from physics how to calculate the trajectory of particles, frame by frame, thanks to Newton's laws of motion.
Quantum Mechanics: It's All About Compromise
Really small particles don't work that way, though. Take an electron as an example. Electrons are extremely small particles that have a mass of approximately 10-30 kg--much, much smaller than a baseball. If the pitcher could throw the electron to the catcher, there is a good chance that it would hit the center of the strike zone, but there's also a chance that it could beam the batter, or even hit the heckler in the grandstand.
If we could take a snapshot of an electron's position after the pitcher throws it (they are too small to see, so we can't), the picture would reveal the electron's position at some point in space. The Uncertainty Principle tells us that if we know this information with absolute certainty, we cannot know with any certainty where the electron is going next.
Conversely, if we know that the electron will end up in the strike zone because of its current momentum, the Uncertainty Principle tells us that we cannot know the path the electron took to get there!
The Uncertainty Principle is at the heart of quantum mechanics, the study of matter at small scales that do not always obey the simple, predictable laws of classical mechanics.
Consequences of the Uncertainty Principle
Thanks to the uncertainty principle's effect on quantum mechanics, we have to ''choose'' whether we want to observe the wave nature or particle nature of matter. If we choose an experiment that makes matter look like a wave, then we won't be able to see its particle-like properties. If our experiment demonstrates the particle properties of matter, then we won't be able to see its wave properties.