state any four laws passed by the Indian government to prohibit caste discrimination? discuss them briefly
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Answer:
Indian society was divided into four varnas based on the role people played in society, politics and economy. However, unlike European guilds that anyone could join based on their professional inclinations, caste was governed by birth. Therefore, a trader’s son was destined to be a trader, a craftsman’s son a craftsman, a soldier’s son a soldier and a priest’s son a priest. However, some people were kept outside this varna system. These people performed the so called ‘menial’ jobs like cleaning sewage and garbage disposal. They were considered ‘untouchable’ by the other castes in the social hierarchy and forced to live outside the city or village limits. These people faced discrimination and exclusion for centuries and therefore ended up with little or no access to education, the one empowering tool that could help them level the playing field.
All castes, excluding Brahmins and the warrior caste (Kshatriyas) were barred from equal access to education. Interestingly women of all castes, were similarly disempowered. Which is why when Savitribai Phule.and Jyotiba Phule established the first all girls school at Bhidewada in Pune in 1948 it was considered such a radical act and generated violent opposition from the privileged sections. Fatima Shaikh was her associate in the venture, a fellow teacher and Usman Shaikh, a philanthrophist, gave the couple much-needed support.
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