Question

State how are you going to deal with extraneous variables and confounding variables.

Answer 1

Answer:

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Explanation:

Extraneous variables are those that produce an association between two variables that are not causally related. For example, if we have an association between two variables (X and Y), and that association is due to the fact that both X and Y are affected by a third variable (Z), then we would say that the association between X and Y is spurious and that it is a result of the effect of an extraneous variable (Z). Of course, Z would be an extraneous variable when it comes to that particular relationship, but it may not be for other relationships.

Confounding variables are similar to extraneous variables, the difference being that they are affecting two variables that are not spuriously related. For example, if X and Y are associated and also causally related (for example, if X affects Y), the association between X and Y may reflect not only their causal connection but also the influence of a third variable (Z). Thus, the association between X and Y may exaggerate the causal effect of X on Y because the association is inflated by the effect of Z on both X and Y. In this case, we would refer to Z as a confounding variable.

Not all researchers use these terms or use them in exactly the way that we have defined them here, but these possible distorting effects of a third variable are recognized by everyone.