State that nephron is excretory unit of kidney.
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The functional and structural unit of the kidney is the nephron. Thenephron produces urine and is the primary unit of homeostasis in the body. It is essentially a long tubule with a series of associated blood vessels.
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The functional and structural unit of the kidney is the nephron. Thenephron produces urine and is the primary unit of homeostasis in the body. It is essentially a long tubule with a series of associated blood vessels.
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♥️BIO ♥️
♥️NICE QUESTION ♥️
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The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. It lies in both the medulla and the cortex. It is composed of 5 sections each with a different role to play, conveniently.
Renal Corpuscle: Bowman’s Capsule and Glomerulus – ultrafiltration
Proximal Convoluted Tubule – reabsorption
Loop of Henle – reabsorption of water/ions
Distal Convoluted Tubule – reabsorption of molecules, ions
Collecting Duct – osmoregulation
Lets start with function number 1, ultrafiltration
Ultrafiltration

Renal Corpuscle

Wide afferent arterioles narrow to efferent arterioles which creates hydrostatic force so blood is squeezed out of the glomerulus through the fenestrations/gap between red blood cells. This is the first layer of filtration and stops the RBCs and super large proteins. The next layer the filrate goes through is the basementmembrane which is a mesh of collagen fibres. Finally, the last layer is to go through podocytes.

They are specialised cells which have pedicels that wrap around the capillaries forming slits, only allowing small molecules through. Podocytes remind me of sloths hanging on to a tree as you can see in the picture below. The filtrate enters into the Bowman’s capsule which follows onto the proximal convoluted tubule.
Reabsorption
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs 90% of glucose by active transport by sodium co-transport. It is lined by epithelium with microvilli to increase the surface area.

Loop of Henele
Next is the Loop of Henle. It is a counter-current multiplier so it uses energy to create a concentration gradient. This is different to a counter-current exchange system, make sure you know the difference! The loop passively, then actively transports sodium and chloride out in the ascending loop. This creates a low water potential surrounding the descending loop due to the high ion concentration. The descending loop is permeable to water (but not to ions) so water diffuses out into the interstitial/tissue fluid where it can re-enter the capillaries.

Distal Convoluted Tubule
It reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, vitamins by active transport. It has cuboid epithelial cells very similar to the PCT but they are small. The distal convoluted tubule regulates pH by absorbing Bicarbonate ions and protons. It also controls the Na and K levels by secreting K to get Na back. This is controlled depending on the hormone aldosterone. Calcium is also reabsorbed and this is controlled by the parathyroid hormone.
Osmoregulation
Antidiuretic Hormone or ADH
After the filtrate has passed through, the glomerulus, bowman’s corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and distal convoluted it FINALLY reaches the collecting duct. This is where the hormone ADH gets the chance to shine. It controls, indirectly, how much water, left over, is reabsorbed and therefore how dilute or concentrated the urine is.
This is where the hormone ADH gets the chance to shine. It controls, indirectly, how much water, left over, is reabsorbed and therefore how dilute or concentrated the urine is.
Low blood volume stimulate hypothalamic osmoreceptors.
Osmoreceptors send signals to neurosecretory cells to synthesize and secrete ADH.
ADH is released from the posterior pituitary gland and circulates the blood
ADH binds to the surface receptors of tubule cells of the collecting duct. This triggers the formation of cyclic AMP which causes vesicles containing aquaporin to fuse with the cell membrane making collecting duct permeable to water.
Then more water can be reabsorbed
When there is a low water potential, which causes a low blood volume, more ADH is released. This causes more water to be reabsorbed so a smaller and more concentrated about of urine is produced. Therefore when there is high water concentration in the blood plasma, less ADH is released and more dilute urine is produced. This keeps you in homeostasi
Renal Corpuscle: Bowman’s Capsule and Glomerulus – ultrafiltration
Proximal Convoluted Tubule – reabsorption
Loop of Henle – reabsorption of water/ions
Distal Convoluted Tubule – reabsorption of molecules, ions
Collecting Duct – osmoregulation
Lets start with function number 1, ultrafiltration
Ultrafiltration

Renal Corpuscle

Wide afferent arterioles narrow to efferent arterioles which creates hydrostatic force so blood is squeezed out of the glomerulus through the fenestrations/gap between red blood cells. This is the first layer of filtration and stops the RBCs and super large proteins. The next layer the filrate goes through is the basementmembrane which is a mesh of collagen fibres. Finally, the last layer is to go through podocytes.

They are specialised cells which have pedicels that wrap around the capillaries forming slits, only allowing small molecules through. Podocytes remind me of sloths hanging on to a tree as you can see in the picture below. The filtrate enters into the Bowman’s capsule which follows onto the proximal convoluted tubule.
Reabsorption
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs 90% of glucose by active transport by sodium co-transport. It is lined by epithelium with microvilli to increase the surface area.

Loop of Henele
Next is the Loop of Henle. It is a counter-current multiplier so it uses energy to create a concentration gradient. This is different to a counter-current exchange system, make sure you know the difference! The loop passively, then actively transports sodium and chloride out in the ascending loop. This creates a low water potential surrounding the descending loop due to the high ion concentration. The descending loop is permeable to water (but not to ions) so water diffuses out into the interstitial/tissue fluid where it can re-enter the capillaries.

Distal Convoluted Tubule
It reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, vitamins by active transport. It has cuboid epithelial cells very similar to the PCT but they are small. The distal convoluted tubule regulates pH by absorbing Bicarbonate ions and protons. It also controls the Na and K levels by secreting K to get Na back. This is controlled depending on the hormone aldosterone. Calcium is also reabsorbed and this is controlled by the parathyroid hormone.
Osmoregulation
Antidiuretic Hormone or ADH
After the filtrate has passed through, the glomerulus, bowman’s corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and distal convoluted it FINALLY reaches the collecting duct. This is where the hormone ADH gets the chance to shine. It controls, indirectly, how much water, left over, is reabsorbed and therefore how dilute or concentrated the urine is.
This is where the hormone ADH gets the chance to shine. It controls, indirectly, how much water, left over, is reabsorbed and therefore how dilute or concentrated the urine is.
Low blood volume stimulate hypothalamic osmoreceptors.
Osmoreceptors send signals to neurosecretory cells to synthesize and secrete ADH.
ADH is released from the posterior pituitary gland and circulates the blood
ADH binds to the surface receptors of tubule cells of the collecting duct. This triggers the formation of cyclic AMP which causes vesicles containing aquaporin to fuse with the cell membrane making collecting duct permeable to water.
Then more water can be reabsorbed
When there is a low water potential, which causes a low blood volume, more ADH is released. This causes more water to be reabsorbed so a smaller and more concentrated about of urine is produced. Therefore when there is high water concentration in the blood plasma, less ADH is released and more dilute urine is produced. This keeps you in homeostasi
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