Question

state the probable reasons for decline of the harappan civilization?​

Answer 1

Due to change in the climatic condition, the area lost fertil­ity and people were compelled to move else where.

Constant use of firewood for brick manufacture caused deforestation and minimized the rainfall.

The change of course of the river Indus transformed it into a tract of sand and affected the fertility.

Natural calamities like earthquake and cyclones adversely affected the normal life.

Some scholars are of opinion that the Harappan civilization suffered a decline due to attacks by the hostile tribes and the Aryans. M. Wheeler asserts that the invading Aryans destroyed the Indus settlement. This view has also been corroborated by the Rig-Veda.

Answer 2

ᴅᴇғɪɴɪᴛᴇ ʀᴇᴀsᴏɴ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ʟᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅᴇᴄʟɪɴᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴᴅᴜs ᴠᴀʟʟᴇʏ ᴄɪᴠɪʟɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ɪs ɴᴏᴛ ᴋɴᴏᴡɴ, ᴀs ɴᴏ ʀᴇʟɪᴀʙʟᴇ ʀᴇsᴏᴜʀᴄᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴘᴇʀɪᴏᴅ ɪs ᴀᴠᴀɪʟᴀʙʟᴇ ᴀᴛ ᴘʀᴇsᴇɴᴛ. ᴇᴠᴇʀʏ ᴄᴏɴᴄʟᴜsɪᴏɴ ʀᴇɢᴀʀᴅɪɴɢ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅᴇᴄʟɪɴᴇ ɪs ʙᴀsᴇᴅ ᴜᴘᴏɴ sᴘᴇᴄᴜʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴs ᴏғ ʜɪsᴛᴏʀɪᴀɴs. ᴛʜᴏᴜɢʜ ᴛʜᴇ ʀᴇᴀsᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅᴇᴄʟɪɴᴇ ɪs ɴᴏᴛ ᴋɴᴏᴡɴ, ʙᴜᴛ ᴛʜʀᴏᴜɢʜ ᴇxᴄᴀᴠᴀᴛɪᴏɴs ɪᴛ ɪs ᴄʟᴇᴀʀ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ғᴀʟʟ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ʜᴀʀᴀᴘᴘᴀɴ ᴄɪᴠɪʟɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏᴄᴄᴜʀʀᴇᴅ ʙᴇᴛᴡᴇᴇɴ 1800 ʙᴄ ᴛᴏ 1700 ʙᴄ.

ɪᴛ ɪs ᴄᴏᴍᴍᴏɴʟʏ ʙᴇʟɪᴇᴠᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀʀʏᴀɴs ᴡᴇʀᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴇxᴛ sᴇᴛᴛʟᴇʀs. ᴛʜᴇʏ ᴡᴇʀᴇ sᴋɪʟʟᴇᴅ ғɪɢʜᴛᴇʀs, sᴏ ᴛʜᴇɪʀ ᴀᴛᴛᴀᴄᴋ ᴍɪɢʜᴛ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ʟᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅᴇsᴛʀᴜᴄᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ʜᴀʀᴀᴘᴘᴀɴ ᴄɪᴠɪʟɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ. ᴇᴠᴇɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇᴘɪᴄs ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀʀʏᴀɴs ᴍᴇɴᴛɪᴏɴᴇᴅ ᴀʙᴏᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇɪʀ ᴠɪᴄᴛᴏʀʏ ᴏᴠᴇʀ ᴛʜᴇ ɢʀᴇᴀᴛ ᴄɪᴛɪᴇs. ᴛʜᴇ ʜᴜᴍᴀɴ ʀᴇᴍᴀɪɴs ғᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴅᴜʀɪɴɢ ᴇxᴄᴀᴠᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ɪɴᴅᴜs ᴠᴀʟʟᴇʏ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ ᴛᴏᴡᴀʀᴅs sᴏᴍᴇ ᴠɪᴏʟᴇɴᴛ ᴄᴀᴜsᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇɪʀ ᴅᴇᴀᴛʜ. ɴᴏᴡ ᴍᴀɴʏ ʜɪsᴛᴏʀɪᴀɴs, ᴡʜᴏ ᴅᴏ ɴᴏᴛ ʙᴇʟɪᴇᴠᴇ ᴛʜɪs ᴛʜᴇᴏʀʏ, sᴀʏ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀʀʏᴀɴs ᴍɪɢʜᴛ ɴᴏᴛ ʙᴇ ɪɴᴠᴏʟᴠᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴀɴʏ sᴜᴄʜ ᴀᴛᴛᴀᴄᴋ.

ᴏᴡɪɴɢ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜɪs ᴄᴏɴғʟɪᴄᴛ, ᴛʜᴇ ᴛʜᴇᴏʀʏ ᴏғ ᴀ ʜᴜɢᴇ ᴄʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴄ ᴄʜᴀɴɢᴇ ᴏʀ ɴᴀᴛᴜʀᴀʟ ᴅɪsᴀsᴛᴇʀ ɢᴀɪɴᴇᴅ ᴄʀᴇᴅɪʙɪʟɪᴛʏ. ɪᴛ ʜᴀs ʙᴇᴇɴ ғᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴏᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴀʀᴏᴜɴᴅ 2000 ʙᴄ sᴏᴍᴇ ᴍᴀᴊᴏʀ ᴄʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴄ ᴄʜᴀɴɢᴇs sᴛᴀʀᴛᴇᴅ ᴏᴄᴄᴜʀʀɪɴɢ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴᴅᴜs ᴠᴀʟʟᴇʏ. ᴛʜᴇsᴇ ᴄʜᴀɴɢᴇs ʜᴀᴅ ʟᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ғʟᴏᴏᴅs ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘʟᴀɪɴs ᴀɴᴅ ᴄɪᴛɪᴇs. ʜɪsᴛᴏʀɪᴀɴs ʜᴀᴠᴇ ғᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴇᴠɪᴅᴇɴᴄᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴘʀᴏᴠᴇ ᴛʜɪs ᴛʜᴇᴏʀʏ ᴀs ᴡᴇʟʟ. ᴍᴏsᴛ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄɪᴛɪᴇs ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ʜᴀʀᴀᴘᴘᴀɴ ᴄɪᴠɪʟɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ʙᴇᴇɴ ғᴏᴜɴᴅ ɪɴ ᴀ ᴄᴏɴᴅɪᴛɪᴏɴ ᴀs ɪғ ᴛʜᴇsᴇ ʜᴀᴅ ʙᴇᴇɴ ғɪʀsᴛ ᴀʙᴀɴᴅᴏɴᴇᴅ ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇɴ ʀᴇʙᴜɪʟᴛ.

ᴄɪᴛɪᴇs, ғᴏʀ ɪɴsᴛᴀɴᴄᴇ, ᴡᴇʀᴇ ɪɴɪᴛɪᴀʟʟʏ ʙᴜɪʟᴛ ᴡɪᴛʜ ɢʀᴇᴀᴛ ᴄᴀʀᴇ ʙᴜᴛ ʀᴇᴄᴏɴsᴛʀᴜᴄᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ sᴀᴍᴇ ᴡᴀs ᴅᴏɴᴇ ᴡɪᴛʜ ʙʀᴏᴋᴇɴ ʙʀɪᴄᴋs ᴀɴᴅ ɴᴏ ᴀᴛᴛᴇɴᴛɪᴏɴ ᴡᴀs ᴘᴀɪᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘʀᴏᴘᴇʀ sᴇᴡᴀɢᴇ sʏsᴛᴇᴍ ᴅᴜʀɪɴɢ ʀᴇᴄᴏɴsᴛʀᴜᴄᴛɪᴏɴ. ᴘʀᴏᴘᴇʀ sᴇᴡᴀɢᴇ sʏsᴛᴇᴍ ᴡᴀs ᴏɴᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴀᴊᴏʀ ᴄʜᴀʀᴀᴄᴛᴇʀɪsᴛɪᴄs ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴᴅᴜs ᴠᴀʟʟᴇʏ ᴄɪᴠɪʟɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ.

ᴛʜᴇɴ, ᴛʜᴇʀᴇ ᴡᴀs ᴀ ғᴀʟʟ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴠᴇʀᴀɢᴇ ʀᴀɪɴғᴀʟʟ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄɪᴛɪᴇs ʟᴇᴀᴅɪɴɢ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ғᴏʀᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴅᴇsᴇʀᴛ-ʟɪᴋᴇ ᴄᴏɴᴅɪᴛɪᴏɴ. ᴛʜɪs ʟᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅᴇᴄʟɪɴᴇ ɪɴ ᴀɢʀɪᴄᴜʟᴛᴜʀᴇ ᴏɴ ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴍᴏsᴛ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛʀᴀᴅᴇ ᴡᴀs ᴅᴇᴘᴇɴᴅᴇɴᴛ. ᴏᴡɪɴɢ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜɪs, ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴᴅᴜs ᴠᴀʟʟᴇʏ sᴛᴀʀᴛᴇᴅ sʜɪғᴛɪɴɢ ᴛᴏ sᴏᴍᴇ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ʟᴏᴄᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ʟᴇᴀᴅɪɴɢ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅᴇᴄʟɪɴᴇ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇɴᴛɪʀᴇ ᴄɪᴠɪʟɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ. ᴀs ᴘᴇʀ sᴏᴍᴇ sᴄʜᴏʟᴀʀs, ᴛʜᴇ ʀᴇᴀsᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅᴇᴄʟɪɴᴇ ɪs ᴛʜᴇ ᴄʜᴀɴɢᴇ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴏᴜʀsᴇ ᴏғ ʀɪᴠᴇʀ ɢʜᴀɢɢᴀʀ-ʜᴀʀᴋᴀ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ʜᴀᴅ ʟᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴀɴ ɪɴᴄʀᴇᴀsᴇ ɪɴ ᴀʀɪᴅɪᴛʏ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘʟᴀᴄᴇ. ᴀʀᴏᴜɴᴅ 2000 ʙᴄ, ᴛʜᴇʀᴇ ᴡᴀs ғᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴀɴ ɪɴᴄʀᴇᴀsᴇ ɪɴ ᴀʀɪᴅ ᴄᴏɴᴅɪᴛɪᴏɴs. ᴛʜᴇ ʟᴏᴄᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴡʜᴇʀᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴᴅᴜs ᴠᴀʟʟᴇʏ ᴄɪᴠɪʟɪsᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏɴᴄᴇ ғʟᴏᴜʀɪsʜᴇᴅ ɪs ᴀ ᴅᴇsᴇʀᴛ ᴛᴏᴅᴀʏ.

ᴍᴀɴʏ ᴛʜᴇᴏʀɪᴇs ʜᴀᴠᴇ ʙᴇᴇɴ ғᴏʀᴍᴜʟᴀᴛᴇᴅ ᴀɴᴅ ᴘʀᴏᴠɪᴅᴇᴅ, ʙᴜᴛ ᴀʟʟ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛʜᴇᴏʀɪᴇs ᴍᴇᴛ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴏɴᴇ ᴏʀ ᴀɴᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ғᴏʀᴍ ᴏғ ᴄʀɪᴛɪᴄɪsᴍ. ᴀʀᴄʜᴇᴏʟᴏɢɪᴄᴀʟ ᴇᴠɪᴅᴇɴᴄᴇs ᴅᴏ ᴘʀᴏᴠᴇ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴛʜᴇʀᴇ ᴡᴀs ɴᴏ sᴜᴅᴅᴇɴ ᴄᴏʟʟᴀᴘsᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴᴅᴜs ᴠᴀʟʟᴇʏ ᴄɪᴠɪʟɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ʙᴜᴛ ɪᴛ ᴅᴇᴄʟɪɴᴇᴅ ᴏᴠᴇʀ ᴀ ᴘᴇʀɪᴏᴅ ᴏғ ᴛɪᴍᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ɢᴏᴛ ᴍɪɴɢʟᴇᴅ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ᴄɪᴠɪʟɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴs ᴏғ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴘᴇʀɪᴏᴅ.