State three reasons why Europeans fled to America in 19th century.
OR
Explain any three problems faced by Indian weavers in 1850s.
OR
Describe various steps which were taken to clean up London. Explain any three measures in order to resolve the environmental problem in London.
CBSE Class X Social Science SA ( 3 marks)
Answers
(i) Until the 19th century, power and hunger were common in Europe.
(ii) Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were underspread.
(iii) Religious conflicts were common and religious dissenters were persecuted.
(iv) In America, plantations were growing cotton and sugar for the European market. These plantations were worked on by slaves.
OR
The problems faced by Indian cotton weavers continued. They were as follows :
(i) Their export market collapsed due to increase in import duties on them in England.
(ii) Their local market shrank as they were flooded with cheap Manchester imports.
(iii) They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. When the American civil war broke out and cotton supplies from the U.S. were cut off, Britain turned to India. Indian weavers were forced to buy cotton at a very high price.
OR
(i) Large quantities of refuge and waste products polluted air and water.
(ii) Widespread use of coal in homes and industries in 19th century England raised serious problems.
(iii) In industrial cities such as Leeds, Bradford and Manchester, hundreds of factory chimneys emitted smoke, causing smoke-related illnesses, dirty clothes and bad tempers.
While the European Pilgrims left their motherland in order to seek liberation from spiritual oppression, emigrants in the 19th and early 20th centuries were also escaping because of poor economic circumstances or political persecution.
In early 19th century America, settlers worked as producers and household servants. As the nation moved from an agrarian to an industrialized economy in the next half of the 19th century, they created railroad tracks and worked in industries.
By the 1860s, weavers encountered several difficulties such as
(i) They could not obtain an adequate supply of raw cotton of good quality.
(ii) When the American Civil War occurred out, as the result of war cotton shipments from the US were cut off, due to which Britain turned to India in order to fulfill the demands.
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