State with the help of an example of difference between hypertonic and Isotonic .
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➨ɪғ ᴀ ᴄᴇʟʟ ɪs ᴘʟᴀᴄᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴀ ʜʏᴘᴇʀᴛᴏɴɪᴄ sᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴ, ᴡᴀᴛᴇʀ ᴡɪʟʟ ʟᴇᴀᴠᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴇʟʟ, ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴇʟʟ ᴡɪʟʟ sʜʀɪɴᴋ. ɪɴ ᴀɴ ɪsᴏᴛᴏɴɪᴄ ᴇɴᴠɪʀᴏɴᴍᴇɴᴛ, ᴛʜᴇ ʀᴇʟᴀᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴄᴏɴᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴀᴛɪᴏɴs ᴏғ sᴏʟᴜᴛᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ᴡᴀᴛᴇʀ ᴀʀᴇ ᴇǫᴜᴀʟ ᴏɴ ʙᴏᴛʜ sɪᴅᴇs ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴇᴍʙʀᴀɴᴇ. ... ᴡʜᴇɴ ᴀ ᴄᴇʟʟ ɪs ᴘʟᴀᴄᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴀ ʜʏᴘᴏᴛᴏɴɪᴄ ᴇɴᴠɪʀᴏɴᴍᴇɴᴛ, ᴡᴀᴛᴇʀ ᴡɪʟʟ ᴇɴᴛᴇʀ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴇʟʟ, ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴇʟʟ ᴡɪʟʟ sᴡᴇʟʟ.
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Isotonic solutions are solutions having equal osmotic pressures. This is due to the equal concentrations of solutes they have. Isotonic solutions have the same amount of solutes per unit volume of solution and the same amount of water.
When two isotonic solutions are separated from a semipermeable membrane, there is no net movement of solutes across the membrane since there is no concentration gradient between the two solutions. The rates of the movement of water from one solution to the other are equal. Therefore, the cells remain in their normal state. The shape of the cell is not changed; no swelling or shrinking occurs.
Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to be applied in order to avoid this solute movement through the semipermeable membrane. Isotonic solutions have equal osmotic pressures since the rates of movement of molecules through the semipermeable membrane are equal.
Some examples for solutions that are isotonic with animal cells are given below.
Saline (0.98%)
Dextrose in water (5%)
A hypertonic solution is a solution having a higher osmotic pressure when compared to other solutions. Since hypertonic solutions have higher solute concentrations, a very high pressure has to be applied in order to avoid this solution from flowing through a semipermeable membrane.
When a hypertonic solution and another solution (that is not hypertonic) are separated from a semipermeable membrane, the solutes of the hypertonic solution tends to move across the semipermeable membrane. This is because the hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration and the solutes can move along a concentration gradient (from a high concentration to a low concentration). A semipermeable membrane is a biological or synthetic membrane that allows some molecules and ions to pass through it.
Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to be applied in order to avoid this solute movement through the semipermeable membrane. Since the concentration of a hypertonic solution is very high, the pressure required to avoid the solute movement is also high. Hence the osmotic pressure is high.
Hypertonic solutions are used to preserve food. For example, when some fruits or fish is dipped in a hypertonic salt or packaged with a hypertonic solution, it can kill microbes in the environment inside the package. This is because microbial cells have a high amount of water than solutes and the amount of water in a hypertonic solution is very low. Therefore water flows out of the cells according to the concentration gradient. The lack of water causes the shrinking of the cell and eventually kills microbes.
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