States annexed by the British during the direct conquest
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India during the British Raj was made up of two types of territory: British India and the Native States (or Princely States).[21] In its Interpretation Act 1889, the British Parliament adopted the following definitions in Section 18:
Areas and populations (excluding the dependent Native States) c. 1907[26]
Province of British India
(and present day territories) Total area in km2
(sq mi) Population in 1901
(millions) Chief administrative
officer
Assam
(Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland) 130,000
(50,000) 6 Chief Commissioner
Bengal
(Bangladesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha) 390,000
(150,000) 75 Lieutenant-Governor
Bombay
(Sindh and parts of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Karnataka) 320,000
(120,000) 19 Governor-in-Council
Burma
(Myanmar) 440,000
(170,000) 9 Lieutenant-Governor
Central Provinces and Berar
(Madhya Pradesh and parts of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Odisha) 270,000
(100,000) 13 Chief Commissioner
Madras
(Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and parts of Kerala, Karnataka, Odisha and Telangana) 370,000
(140,000) 38 Governor-in-Council
Punjab
(Punjab Province, Islamabad Capital Territory, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh and the National Capital Territory of Delhi) 250,000
(97,000) 20 Lieutenant-Governor
United Provinces
(Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand) 280,000
(110,000) 48 Lieutenant-Governor
During the partition of Bengal (1905–1913), the new provinces of Assam and East Bengal were created as a Lieutenant-Governorship. In 1911, East Bengal was reunited with Bengal, and the new provinces in the east became: Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.[26]
Minor provinces
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In addition, there were a few minor provinces that were administered by a Chief Commissioner:[27]
Minor province of British India
(and present day territories) Total area in km2
(sq mi) Population in 1901
(in thousands) Chief administrative
officer
Ajmer-Merwara
(parts of Rajasthan) 7,000
(2,700) 477 ex officio Chief Commissioner
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(Andaman and Nicobar Islands) 78,000
(30,000) 25 Chief Commissioner
British Baluchistan
(Balochistan) 120,000
(46,000) 308 ex officio Chief Commissioner
Coorg
(Kodagu district) 4,100
(1,600) 181 ex officio Chief Commissioner
North West Frontier Province
(Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) 41,000
(16,000) 2,125 Chief Commissioner
Princely states
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Main article: Princely state
A Princely State, also called a Native State or an Indian State, was a British vassal state in India with an indigenous nominal Indian ruler, subject to a subsidiary alliance.There were 565 princely states when India and Pakistan became independent from Britain in August 1947. The princely states did not form a part of British India (i.e. the presidencies and provinces), as they were not directly under British rule. The larger ones had treaties with Britain that specified which rights the princes had; in the smaller ones the princes had few rights. Within the princely states external affairs, defence and most communications were under British control.The British also exercised a general influence over the states' internal politics, in part through the granting or withholding of recognition of individual rulers. Although there were nearly 600 princely states, the great majority were very small and contracted out the business of government to the British. Some two hundred of the states had an area of less than 25 square kilometres (9.7 square miles).
The states were grouped into agencies and residencies.
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