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Answers
To interact with a computer we use external devices called input-output or peripheral devices, this is the way a computer has to receive and give information to the user, and without it a computer is practically useless, so the need of input and output devices are the first path to computer organization.
First is the input, input device was there for humans to communicate the data to the computer in various ways and therefor give a task to be processed into output.
After, when the input of data is done the computer need to store it to be able to process it into output, because of the less amount of storage capacity of the CPU (Central Processing Unit), storage devices was there for the purpose of storing a large amount of data so that the CPU can access these data easily and faster.
Output is the final step, the result of input-storage-process-output is given through output devices and before that the computer also need to re-store it in the storage device.
We will see in details, what are the main uses of these devices? And the way it operates with human and computer.
Input Devices:
Definition:
An input device is a peripheral or hardware device, generally external, that is connected or remotely connected to the computer or information appliance.
Input devices are used to provide input which can be understood by the computer such as: raw data, information, command, order, signal… To process input, computer absolutely need an input device, it is the most important part of computers.
Categories:
Input device can be categories into four categories:
Typing devices
Pointing devices
Optical devices
Audio devices
These categories represent the way to communicate with computers and the first path to the input-process-output phase.
Typing Devices:
Typing devices are essentially keyboard, used to insert text or command via button. They are the most effective way to input data to the computer. it use the method of binaries code to input data. Typing devices are very reliable for text and numbers data input.
But they can be ergonomically unsafe if not properly used, inaccurate and difficult for bad typist or paralysis and handicapped users
Basically all computers possess keyboard so it is the primary input of computer system.
Pointing Devices:
Pointing devices are used to input data by movement, here are some example of pointing devices: mouse, joystick, stylus, touch screen.
They are usually used to operate with screen or movement based information, all of them are manually used so easy to manipulate due to simple movement, like the mouse who just consist of pointing and clicking.
One of the main disadvantages is that they are limited in task, mouse and joystick means that you are limited in your work, and touch screen can be less responsive compared to keyboard.
Optical Devices:
Optical devices are mostly used in recognition or video and image capture, in the field of recognition there is the OMR (optical mark recognition) and the OCR (optical character recognition), and many others optical devices like: barcode reader, scanner, handheld scanner, digital camera, webcam…
The OMR reader is used in barcode reader, it scan a mark which indicate the data or information input that is send to the computer to be processed, it is also used in face recognition, finger print scanner, retina scanner and so on. The OCR is for text and character recognition when scanning a text document.
Basically, optical devices are faster than other devices because of a high-speed reading, and are more used by security mean due to their accuracy and reliability.
The disadvantage lies in the raw data, for instance if there is a single change in it, the optical devices may not recognize and therefor give a wrong output to its user
Audio Devices:
Audio devices like his name indicate, is mainly to input an audio data. The devices are: microphone, headset, MIDI keyboard… its process is analogue to digital data convertor.
It allows a user to send audio signals to a computer for processing, recording, or carrying out commands, sometimes the main purpose is to transfer input audio to output audio.
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