Structure of aspirin according to organic chemistry
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Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to treat pain, fever, or inflammation.[4] Specific inflammatory conditions which aspirin is used to treat include Kawasaki disease, pericarditis, and rheumatic fever.[4] Aspirin given shortly after a heart attack decreases the risk of death.[4] Aspirin is also used long-term to help prevent further heart attacks, ischaemic strokes, and blood clots in people at high risk.[4] It may also decrease the risk of certain types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer.[5] For pain or fever, effects typically begin within 30 minutes.[4] Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and works similarly to other NSAIDs but also suppresses the normal functioning of platelets.[4]
One common adverse effect is an upset stomach.[4] More significant side effects include stomach ulcers, stomach bleeding, and worsening asthma.[4] Bleeding risk is greater among those who are older, drink alcohol, take other NSAIDs, or are on other blood thinners.[4] Aspirin is not recommended in the last part of pregnancy.[4] It is not generally recommended in children with infections because of the risk of Reye syndrome.[4] High doses may result in ringing in the ears.[4]
A precursor to aspirin found in leaves from the willow tree has been used for its health effects for at least 2,400 years.[6][7] In 1853, chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt treated the medicine sodium salicylate with acetyl chloride to produce acetylsalicylic acid for the first time.[8] For the next fifty years, other chemists established the chemical structure and came up with more efficient production methods.[8]:69–75 In 1897, scientists at the Bayer company began studying acetylsalicylic acid as a less-irritating replacement medication for common salicylate medicines.[8]:69–75[9] By 1899, Bayer had named it "Aspirin" and sold it around the world.[10] Aspirin's popularity grew over the first half of the twentieth century leading to competition between many brands and formulations.[11] The word Aspirin was Bayer's brand name; however, their rights to the trademark were lost or sold in many countries.[11]
Aspirin is one of the most widely used medications globally, with an estimated 40,000 tonnes (44,000 tons) (50 to 120 billion pills) consumed each year.[6][12] It is on the World Health Organization's (WHO's) List of Essential Medicines, which lists the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[13] As of 2014, the wholesale cost in the developing world is $0.002 to $0.025 USD per dose.[14] As of 2015, the cost for a typical month of medication in the United States is less than US$25.00.[15] It is available as a generic medication.[4] In 2016, it was the 38th most prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 19 million prescriptions.
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