Question

Subsistence Cultivation - Natural manure

ii. Slash and Burn Cultivation - Flowers and fruits

iii. Plantation Farming - Own consumption

iv. Organic Farming - Jhumand Poda

v. Horticulture - Tea, coffee and rubber

match it​

Answer 1

Answer:

Define the term Agriculture.

2. Three types of economic activities (i.e. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary).

3. Types of farming (i.e. Primitive Subsistence Farming, Intensive Subsistence Farming and Commercial Farming).

4. Slash and Burn agricultural activity.

5. Cropping pattern (i.e. Rabi, Kharif and Zaid).

6. Major crops of India.

7. Food crops: Wheat, Rice, Millets, Maize, Pulses.

8. Food crops other than grains: Sugarcane, Oil Seeds, Coffee, Tea, etc.

9. Horticulture crops: Fruits and vegetables.

10. Non-food crops: Rubber, Fiber crops: Cotton and jute.

11. Technological and institutional reforms: Agricultural development.

12. Bhoodan – Gramdan & Land Reforms.

There are three types of economic activities. These are:

1. Primary Activities: Connected with extraction and production of natural resources like forestry, agriculture, mining, animal husbandry, etc.

2. Secondary Activities: Connected with processing and manufacturing of primary goods into finished goods. They get raw material from the Primary sector. For e.g. Iron ore into tools & machines, sugar cane into sugar, etc.

3. Tertiary Activities: Provides support to Primary and Secondary sectors through services, e.g. transportation, banking, tourism, etc.

AGRICULTURE:

• The science and art of cultivation on the soil, raising crops and rearing livestock is known as "Agriculture". It is also called farming.

• The word "Agriculture" has been derived from the Latin word "Ager or Agri" meaning "Soil" and "Culture" means "Cultivation".

• Agriculture is a primary activity.

• It includes growing crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing of livestock.

• Two-third of India's population is still dependent on agriculture.

TYPES OF FARMING:

1. Primitive Subsistence Agriculture:

(a) This type of farming is practiced on small patches of land.

(b) Primitive tools like: Hoe, Dao, Digging Sticks and family/community labour are used.

(c) Farming mainly depends on monsoon and natural fertility of soil.

(d) Crops are grown as per the suitability of the environmental condition.

(e) This type of farming is also called 'slash and burn' agriculture.

(f) A patch of land is cleared by slashing the trees and burning them. The ash is then mixed with the soil and the crops. When the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves to a new plot.

(g) The final output of this farming technique is just enough for the family.

(h) Slash and burn agriculture is also known as Shifting cultivation.

(i) Slash and burn agriculture is known by different names in the world:

• Jhumming: Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland

• Pamlou: Manipur

• Dipa: Bastar (Chhattisgarh) and Andaman & Nicobar Islands

• Bewar or Dahiya: Madhya Pradesh

• Podu or Penda: Andhra Pradesh

• Pama Dabi or Koman or Bringa: Orissa

• Kumara: Western Ghats

• Valre or Waltre: South eastern Rajasthan

• Khi: Himalayan belt

• Kuruwa: Jharkhand

• Milpa: Mexico and Central America

• Conuco: Venezuela

• Roca: Brazil

• Masole: Central Africa

• Lading: Indonesia

• Ray: Vietnam

2. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture:

(a) This type of farming is practiced in thickly populated areas.

(b) In intensive subsistence agriculture the farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple tools and more labour.

(c) There is huge population pressure on this type of farming.

(d) It is labour intensive.

(e) This involves high degree of use of biochemical inputs and irrigation.

Problems of Intensive Farming:

(a) Division of land through successive generation leads to plot size getting smaller and smaller.

(b) This makes it impossible to properly manage the farm inputs.

(c) There is huge pressure on the agricultural land.

(d) Multiple cropping is practiced.

(e) Land is not left barren so that the soil regain its firtility. Thus, the farmers use excess amount of chemical fertilizers to get the best output.

(f) Moreover, large-scale farming is not possible in that case.

2. COMMERCIAL FARMING

(a) In commercial farming crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in market.

(b) The area cultivated is very large.

(c) It is capital intensive.

(d) Most of the work is done by machines.

(e) Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides are used.

(f) High yielding variety (HYV) seeds are used in order to get maximum output.

(g) In the states like Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Maharashtra commercial farming is done on a large scale.

(h) Rice is a commercial crop in Punjab and Haryana but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop.

Plantation:

(a) In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.

(b) More capital and a large number of workers are required.

(c) Final output of the plantation is used in various industries. For e.g. tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc.

(d) Plantation requires a well developed network of transportation, communication, processing industries and a good market.