Question

sufism evolved as a reaction to the growing materialism of the caliphate as a religious and political institution- explain

Answer 1

Answer:

Answers

Sufism

i.Sufi turned to asceticism and mysticism to protest against materialism.

ii.The sufislaid emphasis on seeking salvation through intense devotion and love for God.

iii.Theysought an interpretation of the Qur’an on the basis of their personal experience.

iv.They were critical of the definitions and scholastic methods of interpreting the Qur’an adopted by theologians.

v.By the eleventh century Sufism evolved into a well-developed movement with a body of literature on Quranic studies and sufi practices.

vi.The sufis began to organise communities around the hospice or khanqahcontrolled by a teaching master known as sheikh, piror murshid

vii.One of the groups of Sufis, the Chishtismigrated to India in the late twelfth century were the most influential.

viii.The prominent sufi teachers were Sheikh Moin-udd-inSijzi, Sheikh NizamuddinAuliyaetc.

ix.The sufisilsilawas a kindof chainor link between master and disciplefor seekingspiritual power and blessings.

x.Special rituals of initiation were developedlike wearing patched cloths, shavingtheir head, open kitchen run on charity

xi.The practice ofQawwaliandZikir

xii.Pilgrimage or ziyarat, particularly on death anniversaryof shaikhor ursto tomb-shrine became the actionsof devotion for his followers.

xiii.People sought their blessings to attain material and spiritual benefits. Thus evolved the cult of the sheikh revered as wali.