Question

Suggest ways to access and retention of child in school.

Answer 1

According to the National Association of School Psychologists, in 2003 as many as 15 percent or more than 2.4 million American students are held back and repeat a grade each year. Other studies have found that between 30 percent and 50 percent of all students are retained at least once by the time they are freshmen in high school (about age 14). In most cases, teachers recommend retention for one of three reasons: developmental immaturity that has resulted in learning difficulties; emotional immaturity that has resulted in severely disruptive behavior; or failure to pass standardized proficiency or achievement tests at the end of specific years. Another less common reason for retention is poor attendance due either to truancy or medical absences. Grade retention has become increasingly controversial as early 2000s education initiatives such as No Child Left Behind have pressed schools to meet certain standards defined by scores on standardized tests.

Students at highest risk of being retained share certain characteristics:

They tend to be boys.They tend to be African American or Hispanic.They are young or immature for their grade.They show developmental delays.They show attention, behavioral, or emotional problems.They are not proficient in English (English language learners).They have problems reading.They have changed schools often.They live in families with incomes below the poverty level.They live in single-parent families.They live with adults who are uninvolved in their education.

Answer 2

INPUTS 
e.g., financial resources, teachers and other human resources, instructional materials and physical facilities;

PROCESSES
nature of interaction in educational activities involving students, teachers, administrators, materials and technologies;

CONTENT
knowledge, skills and attitudes being transmitted through the curriculum

OUTPUTS
relatively short-term consequences, such as students’ cognitive achievement, skills and attitudes; and

OUTCOMES
longer-term consequences, such as school leavers’ employment, earnings, and civic participation (Adams, 1993; Lockheed & Verspoor, 1990).