Question

Suggest ways to access and retention of child in school.

Answer 1

PRIMARY EDUCATION

A number of countries have come very close to achieving universal primary education

Unfortunately, the majority of poor countries and several others have yet to mark this achievement.

This review, authored by Dr. Mark Ginsburg and Pragati Godbole of FHI 360, points to 15 policy and programme interventions that the research literature has identified as key for access and retention.  It is important to focus on retention as well as access because, without retention, desired learning outcomes will be significantly reduced due to lack of participation in planned educational programmes.  And, learning outcomes are, at least partially, dependent on the quality of the education offer.  Thus, the literature that was reviewed addressed all three concepts:  access, retention and quality.

To clarify, access and retention can be analysed by focusing on rates of enrolment at a particular level of education. For example, the primary net enrolment rate is defined as the number of students divided by the number of children or youth of primary school age (Engel & Rose, 2011a and 2011b; Engel et al., 2011; Wils & Ingram, 2011). Alternatively or in combination, one can focus on the number and rate of out of school children and youth (Omoeva et al., 2013; UNESCO/UIS, 2005).

Educational quality has been defined in a variety of ways, focusing either on:

INPUTS 
(e.g., financial resources, teachers and other human resources, instructional materials and physical facilities);

PROCESSES
(nature of interaction in educational activities involving students, teachers, administrators, materials and technologies);

CONTENT
(knowledge, skills and attitudes being transmitted through the curriculum);

OUTPUTS
(relatively short-term consequences, such as students’ cognitive achievement, skills and attitudes); and

OUTCOMES
(longer-term consequences, such as school leavers’ employment, earnings, and civic participation) (Adams, 1993; Lockheed & Verspoor, 1990).

The relationship between access/retention and quality in education is also complex. For instance, increasing enrolment without a commensurate increase in educational inputs (e.g., classrooms, teachers) may lower the quality of education, whether defined in terms of processes, outputs, or outcomes (World Bank/IEG, 2006).

Additionally, improving educational quality – however defined – may increase enrolment, by encouraging families to send their children/youth to school and encouraging children/youth to remain in school (UNESCO, 2005).

Answer 2

Children retain what they are taught in school in different degrees according to their ability, for a teacher to confirm that children gained in a class, they need to access the children, accessing the children can be in form of asking questions from the taught topic after the end of the lesson, you can also give them an exam after the end of a certain topic.

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