Summarize the chapter socialism in Europe and the Russian revolution.
Answers
Answer:
The French Revolution opened up the possibility of creating a dramatic change in the way in which society was structured. Not everyone in Europe, however, wanted a complete transformation. Some were ‘conservatives’, while others were ‘liberals’ or ‘radicals’.
Liberals: Wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. They were against the uncontrolled power of the dynastic rulers.They wanted rights for individuals.They argued for an elected parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by a well trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials. They were not democrats because they did not believe in universal adult franchise.
Radicals: Wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country’s population. They disliked concentration of property in hands of a few, not the existence of private property.
Conservatives: They resisted change. After the revolution they started accepting change provided it was slow and had links and respected the past.
Industries and Social Change : This was the time of economic and social change. It was also the beginning of the industrial revolution. Men, women and children were pushed into factories for low wages, Liberals and radicals who were factory owners felt that efforts must be encouraged so that benefits of industrialization should be passed on to workers.
Socialism in Europe: Socialists were against private property and saw it as root of social evils.They had different visions of the future. Some believed in cooperatives, some demanded that governments must encourage cooperatives.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels added that industrial society was capitalist. Marx believed that a socialist society would free the workers from capitalism. This would be a communist society.
Support for Socialism : Socialists formed an organization called ‘Second International’ to spread socialist ideas. Workers in Germany and England began forming associations to fight for better living conditions. They set up funds for members in distress, reduction of working hours and right to vote.
Answer:
• The French Revolution opened up the possibility of creating a dramatic change in the way in which society was structured.
• Not everyone in Europe, however, wanted a complete transformation.
• Some were ‘conservatives’, while others were ‘liberals’ or ‘radicals’.
Who were Conservatives?
• They resisted change.
• After the revolution, they started accepting change provided it was slow and had links and respected the past.
Who were Liberals?
• They wanted a nation which tolerated all religions.
• They argued for an elected parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by a well trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials.
• They were not Democrats.
Who were Radicals?
• They wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country’s population.
• They disliked concentration of property in hands of a few, not the existence of private property.
Industrial Society and Social Change
• This was the time of economic and social change.
• Men, women and children were pushed into factories for low wages.
• Most of the factory owners were often liberals and radicals and they felt that workers’ efforts must be encouraged.
The Coming of Socialism to Europe
• Socialists were against private property.
• They had different visions of the future.
• Some believed in cooperatives.
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels added that industrial society was capitalist.
Support for Socialism
• By the 1870s, socialist ideas spread through Europe.
• Workers in England and Germany began forming associations to fight for better living and working conditions.