summary of chapter 3 and 4 of class 8 history.... plz tell me fast it's urgent........ plz.....as fast as u can plz
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The East India Company became the Diwan of Bengal, on 12 August 1765. As Diwan, the Company became the chief financial administrator of the territory under its control. The Company needed to administer the land and organise its revenue resources. It needed to be done in a way that could yield enough revenue to meet the growing expenses of the company.
Revenue for the Company
The Company’s aim was to increase the revenue to buy fine cotton and silk cloth as cheaply as possible. Within a span of five years, the value of goods bought by the Company in Bengal doubled. The Company, before 1865, purchased goods in India by importing gold and silver from Britain. Now it was financed by the revenue collected in Bengal. Artisanal production was in decline, and agricultural cultivation showed signs of collapse. Then in 1770, a terrible famine killed ten million people in Bengal.
The need to improve agriculture
In 1793, the Company introduced the Permanent Settlement. By the terms of the settlement, the rajas and taluqdars were recognised as zamindars, who were asked to collect rent from the peasants and pay revenue to the Company. The amount to be paid was fixed permanently. This settlement would ensure a regular flow of revenue into the Company’s coffers and at the same time encourage the zamindars to invest in improving the land.
The problem
The Permanent Settlement created problems. Soon, the company officials discovered that the zamindars were not investing in the improvement of land because the fixed revenue was very high. By the first decade of the nineteenth century, the situation changed. The prices in the market rose and cultivation slowly expanded. Even then the zamindars were not interested in improving the land.
In the villages, the cultivator found the system extremely oppressive. The rent they paid to the zamindar was high so they took a loan from the moneylender, and when they failed to pay the rent they were evicted from the land.
A new system was devised
The Company officials decided to change the system of revenue. Holt Mackenzie devised the new system which came into effect in 1822. Under his directions, collectors went from village to village, inspecting the land, measuring the fields, and recording the customs and rights of different groups. The estimated revenue of each plot within a village was added up to calculate the revenue that each village (mahal) had to pay. This demand was to be revised periodically, not permanently fixed. The charge of collecting the revenue and paying it to the Company was given to the village headman, rather than the zamindar. This system came to be known as the mahalwari settlement.
The Munro system
In the British territories in the south, a new system was devised known as the ryotwar (or ryotwari). This system was gradually extended all over south India. The settlement had to be made directly with the cultivators (ryots) who had tilled the land for generations. Their fields had to be carefully and separately surveyed before the revenue assessment was made.
All was not well
In order to increase the income from land, revenue officials fixed high revenue demand. Peasants were unable to pay, ryots fled the countryside, and villages became deserted in many regions.
Crops for Europe
By the late eighteenth century, the Company tried to expand the cultivation of opium and indigo. The Company forced cultivators in various parts of India to produce other crops: jute in Bengal, tea in Assam, sugarcane in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh), wheat in Punjab, cotton in Maharashtra and Punjab, rice in Madras.
Does colour have a history?
The rich blue colour was produced from a plant called indigo. The blue dye used in the Morris prints in nineteenth-century Britain was manufactured from indigo plants cultivated in India. India was the biggest supplier of indigo in the world at that time.
Why the demand for Indian indigo?
Indigo plants grow in the tropics and Indian indigo was used by cloth manufacturers in Italy, France and Britain to dye cloth. Small amounts of Indian indigo reached the European market and its price was very high. Therefore, European cloth manufacturers had to depend on another plant called woad to make violet and blue dyes. Indigo produced a rich blue colour, whereas the dye from woad was pale and dull. By the end of the eighteenth century, the demand for Indian indigo grew further. While the demand for indigo increased, its existing supplies from the West Indies and America collapsed for a variety of reasons. Between 1783 and 1789 the production of indigo in the world fell by half.
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