Summary of chapter from the beginning of time....early humans from trees to caves.
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Class XI- Chapter-1 From the beginning of Time
Chapter-1
FROM THE BEGINNING OF TIME
Sources to understand early human history
Discoveries of human fossils, stone tools and cave paintings help us to understand early human history. Each of these discoveries has a history of its own.
Fossils are the remains or impressions of a very old human which have turned into stone. These are often embedded in rock, and are thus preserved for millions of years.
Stone tools made and used by early humans are available in various parts of Africa and Europe. Stone tools such as pebbles, sharp stones, stone blades etc were used for various purposes in early human life.
Paintings found on the walls of the caves in Europe and Africa are helping us to understand early human history.
Most scholars refused to accept that these objects were the remains of early humans. They did not believe the ability of early humans to make stone tools or paint. Because according to Old Testament of the Bible, human origin was an act of Creation by God. After a few years the true significance of these finds was realised.
How was Neanderthal man`s skull discovered?
August 1856, workmen who were quarrying for limestone in the Neander valley a gorge near the German city of Dusseldorf, found a skull and some skeletal fragments.
These were handed over to Carl Fuhlrott, a local schoolmaster and natural historian, who realised that they did not belong to a modern human.
He then made a plaster cast of the skull and sent it to Herman Schaaffhausen, a professor of anatomy at Bonn University. The following year they jointly published a paper, claiming that this skull represented a form of human that was extinct.
At that time, scholars did not accept this view and instead declared that the skull belonged to a person of more recent times. But later they accepted it and named as Neandertha