summary of paragraph Universities, like cathedrals and parliaments, are a product of the Middle Ages.
The Greeks and the Romans, strange as it may seem, had no universities in
the sense in which the word has been used for the past seven or eight centuries.
They had higher education, but the terms are not synonymous. Much of their
instruction in law, rhetoric, and philosophy it would be hard to surpass, but it
was not organized into the form of permanent institutions of learning. A great
teacher like Socrates gave no diplomas; if a modern student sat at his feet for
three months, he would demand a certificate, something tangible and external
to show for it-an excellent theme, by the way, for a Socratic dialogue. Only in
the twelfth and thirteenth centuries do there emerge in the world those features
of organized education with which we are most familiar, all that machinery of
instruction represented by faculties and colleges and courses of study,
examinations and commencements and academic degrees. In all these matters
we are the heirs and successors, not of Athens and Alexandria, but of Paris
and Bologna.
Charles Homer Haskins, The Rise of Universities
B. The common sense view would have it that we live thro
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