Summary of Russian revolution of class 9 history
Answers
Answer:
Introduction (the age of social change)
As studied in first chapter French revolution has created possibilities to bring dramatically change including equality, fraternity & liberty in Europe.
However, not everyone was in favor of this change of society. Responses varied from those who want complete change, or wishes for gradual shift or wanted to restructure society. These variations give rise to liberals, radicals and conservatives.
Liberals:
They wanted a nation which can respect and tolerate all religions. They opposed uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They wanted an elected parliamentary government and safeguard the rights of individuals against government. They were not democrats (?).They were not in favour of universal adult franchise and felt men of property should have right to vote but not for women.
Radicals:
They wanted a nation in which government is based on majority of country’s population. They were in favour of existence of private property but don’t want concentration of people in few hands.
Conservatives:
They wanted a nation which resists change, but later by 19th century they opened their mind to need for change. They also wanted to respect past and brought change through slow process.
Industrialization and social change
New cities of industrialized regions developed, railways expanded; men, women and children brought to factories.
Liberal and radical searched solution for housing, sanitation and unemployment issues.
Socialization in Europe:
Socialists in Europe were against private property [because (a) Propertied owns property that gave employment but only concerned with personal gain and not for welfare of others. (b) Some socialization believed in the idea of cooperatives and others demanded that government must encourage cooperatives.]
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels added other ideas. Marx argued that industrial society was ‘Capitalist’, who aimed capital invested in factories and profit was produced by workers.
Marx believed that a socialist society would free the workers from capitalism; it would be a communist society.
Russian Revolution:
Fall of monarchy in February 1917 and events of October normally called the Russian revolution. Tsar Nicholas ruled Russia in 1914.
Economy and society of Russian empire:
Almost 85% of Russian were agriculturists and were major exporter of gain.
Industry was found in pockets mostly located in ST Petersburg in and
It was set up in 1890s, when Russian railway extended and investment in industry increased, coal production doubled and iron and steel output quadruped.
Most industry was private property of industrialist. Government supervise large factories to ensure minimum wages and number of working hours but factory inspectors break the rule increasing working hours from 5 hours to 10-12 hours.
Workers were divided in small groups on the basis of village they came from, and on the basis of skill also. Women made up 31% of factory labor in 1914 but paid less than men.
Working population in Russian was different from other countries in Europe before 1917:
Russians had no respect for nobility; nobles got their power through their services to Tsar, not by local authority.
Russian peasants wanted land of noble to be given to them. They refused to pay rent and even murdered landlord.
They pooled their land periodically and their commune divides it according to their individual families.
Socialism in Russia:
Before 1914, all political parties were illegal. Russian socialist democratic workers party was founded in 1898 by socialists who respected Marx’s idea.
Socialist, in 1900 formed socialist revolutionary party who struggled for peasant’s right and demanded that land belonging to nobles be given to them.
Social democrats disagreed with socialist revolutionaries about peasants.
Vladimir Lenin (who led the Bolshevik group) felt that peasants were not one united group and divided as rich, poor, laborers, capitalist etc.
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