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Life processes: The processes which together perform this maintenance functions of living organisms like respiration, nutrition, circulation, excretion, etc., are called life processes.
Nutrition: The process by which an organism takes food and utilizes it to get energy, for growth, repair, maintenance, etc. is called nutrition.
Need for Nutrition: Organisms need energy to perform various activities. This energy is supplied by the nutrients obtained from nutrition.
Modes of Nutrition
(i) Autotrophic Nutrition: The mode of nutrition in which an organism prepares its own food is called autotrophic nutrition. For example, green plants and blue-green algae follow the autotrophic mode of nutrition.
(ii) Heterotrophic Nutrition: The mode of nutrition in which an organism obtains its food from another organism is called heterotrophic nutrition. For example, most of the bacteria, fungi and all animals follow the heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis is a process which utilizes carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll to synthesize carbohydrates like glucose.
(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide by hydrogen to produce carbohydrates (glucose).
Stomata: Stomata are the tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves.
Nutrition in Amoeba
➡ Amoeba is a unicellular animal which follows the holozoic mode of nutrition.
➡ Holozoic nutrition happens in five steps, viz. ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion.
Nutrition in Human Beings
Humans consist of an alimentary canal and some accessory glands. The alimentary canal is divided into several parts that are:
1.Mouth , 2.Pharynx , 3.Oesophagus/food pipe , 4.Stomach , 5.Small intestine , 6.Large intestine , 7. Rectum , 8. Anus
Respiration: It is a metabolic process which involves breakdown of food to release energy.
Anaerobic respiration: The breakdown of pyruvate into ethanol and carbon-dioxide is absence of oxygen is known as anaerobic respiration. It is also called fermentation.
Aerobic respiration: The breakdown of pyruvate into carbon-dioxide and water in presence of oxygen it is known as aerobic respiration.
Human Respiratory System
➡ The human respiratory system involves the nose, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea/windpipe, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.
Haemoglobin: It is a respiratory pigment in humans that carries oxygen to different parts of the body.
Respiration in Plants
Plants have stomata (present in leaves) and lenticels (present in stems) which are involved in the exchange of gases.
Transportation in Human Beings
➡ Transportation in humans is done by the circulatory system. It is responsible for the supply of oxygen, nutrients, removal of carbon dioxide and other excretory products.
Blood: Blood consists of a fluid medium called plasma in which the cells are suspended. Plasma transports food, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body.
Heart: It is the main pumping organ of the body which is composed of cardiac muscles.
Blood Vessels: Blood vessels carry blood all through the human body. There are three types of blood vessels: (i) Arteries - carry oxygenated blood , ii) Veins - carry deoxygenated blood , (iii) Capillaries - site of gaseous exchange between blood and cells.
Transportation in plants: Plants have specialized vascular tissues for transportation of water and minerals. There are two types of vascular tissues in plants.
(i) Xylem: It is responsible for transportation of water and minerals from roots to the different parts of the plant. Xylem tissue consists of vessels and tracheids.
(ii) Phloem: It is responsible for transportation of food from the leaves to different parts of the plants.
Transpiration: Loss of water in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plant is known as transpiration. It helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves.
Excretion: The biological process involved in the removal of harmful metabolic wastes from the body is called excretion.
Excretion in Human Beings
Excretory system of humans consists of a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
Excretion in Plants
➡ Carbon dioxide, excess water and nitrogenous compounds are the major excretory products in plants.
➡ Excretion of gaseous waste in plants takes place through stomatal pores on leaves.
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