summary of the chapter pastoralists in the modern world
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Pastoralism is a way of keeping animals and moving from one place to another to find water and food.
* Gujjar Bakarwals migrated in 19th century to Kashmir crossing Pir Panjal. They shifted their grazing lands from highlands in summer to lower hills of Siwalik range in winter. They used to move forming kafila.
* Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh like Gujjar Bakarwals used to come down to the dry forest of bhabhar in winter and went up to the high meadows of bugyals in summer.
* Shearing of wool is being done at Uhl valley near Palampur in Himachal Pradesh.
* To adjust to seasonal changes and make proper use of available pastures Bhotiyas, Sherpas and Kinnauris also involved in cyclic movement between summer and winter.
* Dhangars.of Central Plateau Maharashtra were mainly shepherds, blanket weavers and buffalo herders. After harvesting bajra, they move towards Konkan to reap benefits of high rainfall and rich soil.
* Gollas, Kurumas and kurubas are cattle herders of dry Central Plateau Qf Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
* Cyclic movement of Pastoralist communities in Plateaus, Plains and desert was defined by alteration of monsoon and dry season.
* Banjara tribes were found in villages of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, who also moved over long distance in search of Pastures.
* Raikas of Rajasthan had to combine cultivation with pastoralism when Sindh became part of Pakistan after 1947. Maru Raikas of Jaisalmer lived in settlement called dhandi and know about their community from genealogist.
* Camel fairs were held in Pushkar, Balotra where Maru Raikas desplayed their expertise in training camels.
* Pastoralits had to set up relationship with farmers and combined a range of different activities like cultivation, trade and herding.
* Colonial Government considered that all grazing lands were unproductive. Hence, they categorised forest into reserved forest (no pastoral activity allowed) and protected forest (permit system prevailed). These laws affected the customary rights of traditional pastoralist.
* Criminal Tribe Act of 1871 classifed many communities of craftsmen, traders and pastoralists as criminal tribes.
* British Government introduced Grazing Tax, which was auctioned out to contractors.
* The changes brought by laws of British Government reduced available area for pastureland. Thus continuous grazing in same piece of land degraded the quality of pasture.
* To adapt to the changing circumstances, a pastoralists reduced the number of cattle, discovered new pasture. Some even bought land and started settling down.
* Pastoralism is still considered ecologically most viable form of life.
* Africa houses over half of the world’s pastoral population. Pastoral communities like Bedouins, Berbers, Maasai, Somali, Boran and Tukana lived here.
* The Maasai community lost about 60% of their land and were confined to arid zones due to colonial laws, even though they dominated in economic and political fields in pre-colonial era.
* Territorial boundaries and restrictions were imposed on Pastrolists and required social permit to move out of it. For exp. Kaokoland herders of Namibia were severely affected by these territorial boundaries.
* Maasai society was divided into Elders and Warriors.
* Elders were ruling community who settled disputes and decided on affairs of the community.
* The Warriors were young people who raided cattle and participated in wars. But restrictions imposed’by Britishers affected the traditional authority of both Elders and Warriors.
* Though the traditional difference between Elders and Warriors was disturbed but it did not breakdown. With social change new distinction between wealthy and poor pastoralist developed.
* Relevance of Maasai tribe can be realised from the fact that even today young men go through elaborate ritual before they become warriors. The boys in the ceremony wear loose clothing and dance throughout the day.
* Pastoral communities are greatly affected by the new laws and new borders of the countries. But they are not redundant communities rather recognised as the perfectly suitable communities for many hilly and dry regions by environmentalists and economists.
__________HOPE IT HELPS ✌✌__________
* Gujjar Bakarwals migrated in 19th century to Kashmir crossing Pir Panjal. They shifted their grazing lands from highlands in summer to lower hills of Siwalik range in winter. They used to move forming kafila.
* Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh like Gujjar Bakarwals used to come down to the dry forest of bhabhar in winter and went up to the high meadows of bugyals in summer.
* Shearing of wool is being done at Uhl valley near Palampur in Himachal Pradesh.
* To adjust to seasonal changes and make proper use of available pastures Bhotiyas, Sherpas and Kinnauris also involved in cyclic movement between summer and winter.
* Dhangars.of Central Plateau Maharashtra were mainly shepherds, blanket weavers and buffalo herders. After harvesting bajra, they move towards Konkan to reap benefits of high rainfall and rich soil.
* Gollas, Kurumas and kurubas are cattle herders of dry Central Plateau Qf Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
* Cyclic movement of Pastoralist communities in Plateaus, Plains and desert was defined by alteration of monsoon and dry season.
* Banjara tribes were found in villages of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, who also moved over long distance in search of Pastures.
* Raikas of Rajasthan had to combine cultivation with pastoralism when Sindh became part of Pakistan after 1947. Maru Raikas of Jaisalmer lived in settlement called dhandi and know about their community from genealogist.
* Camel fairs were held in Pushkar, Balotra where Maru Raikas desplayed their expertise in training camels.
* Pastoralits had to set up relationship with farmers and combined a range of different activities like cultivation, trade and herding.
* Colonial Government considered that all grazing lands were unproductive. Hence, they categorised forest into reserved forest (no pastoral activity allowed) and protected forest (permit system prevailed). These laws affected the customary rights of traditional pastoralist.
* Criminal Tribe Act of 1871 classifed many communities of craftsmen, traders and pastoralists as criminal tribes.
* British Government introduced Grazing Tax, which was auctioned out to contractors.
* The changes brought by laws of British Government reduced available area for pastureland. Thus continuous grazing in same piece of land degraded the quality of pasture.
* To adapt to the changing circumstances, a pastoralists reduced the number of cattle, discovered new pasture. Some even bought land and started settling down.
* Pastoralism is still considered ecologically most viable form of life.
* Africa houses over half of the world’s pastoral population. Pastoral communities like Bedouins, Berbers, Maasai, Somali, Boran and Tukana lived here.
* The Maasai community lost about 60% of their land and were confined to arid zones due to colonial laws, even though they dominated in economic and political fields in pre-colonial era.
* Territorial boundaries and restrictions were imposed on Pastrolists and required social permit to move out of it. For exp. Kaokoland herders of Namibia were severely affected by these territorial boundaries.
* Maasai society was divided into Elders and Warriors.
* Elders were ruling community who settled disputes and decided on affairs of the community.
* The Warriors were young people who raided cattle and participated in wars. But restrictions imposed’by Britishers affected the traditional authority of both Elders and Warriors.
* Though the traditional difference between Elders and Warriors was disturbed but it did not breakdown. With social change new distinction between wealthy and poor pastoralist developed.
* Relevance of Maasai tribe can be realised from the fact that even today young men go through elaborate ritual before they become warriors. The boys in the ceremony wear loose clothing and dance throughout the day.
* Pastoral communities are greatly affected by the new laws and new borders of the countries. But they are not redundant communities rather recognised as the perfectly suitable communities for many hilly and dry regions by environmentalists and economists.
__________HOPE IT HELPS ✌✌__________
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