summary of the lesson forest colonial and society for class 9 answer in brief....
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Forest Society and Colonialism ADVANTAGES OF FOREST(i) Play a major role in improving the quality of the environment, modify the local climate, controls soil erosion, regulate stream flow, support a variety of industries, provide a livelihood for many communities and after opportunities for recreation.WHY DEFORESTATION?The disappearance of the forest is referred to as deforestation .deforestation is not a recent problem. The process began many centuries ago, but under colonial rule, it became more systematic and extensive.
(a) Land to be improved:
(i) As population increased over the centuries and the demand for food went up, peasants extended the boundaries of cultivation, clearing forests and breaking new land.
(ii) The British directly encouraged production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton. the demand for these crops increased in nineteenth-century Europe where foodgrains were needed to feed the growing urban population and raw materials were required for industrial production.
(iii) In the early nineteenth century, the colonial state thought that forests were unproductive. They were considered to be wilderness that had to be brought under cultivation so that the land could yield agricultural products and revenue and enhance the income of the state. so between 1880 and 1920, cultivated area rose by 6.7 million hectares.
(b) Sleepers on the Tracks:Due to high demand, oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of timber supply for the Royal Navy which required it for building ships. To get the supply of oak for the shipping industry British started exploring Indian forests on a massive scale.
THE RISE OF COMMERCIAL FORESTRYIn India, colonial rulers needed huge supplies of wood for railways and ship. This led to widespread deforestation. The British government got alarmed. This system needed legal sanction. It was at his initiatives that;(i) Indian Forest Service was set up in 1864.(ii) Indian Forest Act was enacted in 1865(iii) Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up in 1906. (a) How were the Lives of People Affected?The Forest Act meant severs hardship for villagers across the country. After the Act all their everyday practice - cutting wood for their houses, grazing their cattle, collecting fruits and roots, hunting and fishing n- became illegal. People were now forced to steal wood from the forests, and if they were caught, they were at the mercy of the forest guards who would take bribes from them. Women who collected fuelwood were especially worried. It was also common for police constables and forest guards to harass people by demanding free food from them.(b) How did Forest Rules Affect Cultivation?One of the major impacts of European colonialism was off the practice of shifting cultivation or swidden agriculture. Shifting cultivation as a system of agriculture has the following features:(i) Parts of forests are cut and burnt in rotation(ii) Seeds are sown in the ashes sifter the first monsoon rains.(iii) The crop is harvested by October-November.
(a) Land to be improved:
(i) As population increased over the centuries and the demand for food went up, peasants extended the boundaries of cultivation, clearing forests and breaking new land.
(ii) The British directly encouraged production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton. the demand for these crops increased in nineteenth-century Europe where foodgrains were needed to feed the growing urban population and raw materials were required for industrial production.
(iii) In the early nineteenth century, the colonial state thought that forests were unproductive. They were considered to be wilderness that had to be brought under cultivation so that the land could yield agricultural products and revenue and enhance the income of the state. so between 1880 and 1920, cultivated area rose by 6.7 million hectares.
(b) Sleepers on the Tracks:Due to high demand, oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of timber supply for the Royal Navy which required it for building ships. To get the supply of oak for the shipping industry British started exploring Indian forests on a massive scale.
THE RISE OF COMMERCIAL FORESTRYIn India, colonial rulers needed huge supplies of wood for railways and ship. This led to widespread deforestation. The British government got alarmed. This system needed legal sanction. It was at his initiatives that;(i) Indian Forest Service was set up in 1864.(ii) Indian Forest Act was enacted in 1865(iii) Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up in 1906. (a) How were the Lives of People Affected?The Forest Act meant severs hardship for villagers across the country. After the Act all their everyday practice - cutting wood for their houses, grazing their cattle, collecting fruits and roots, hunting and fishing n- became illegal. People were now forced to steal wood from the forests, and if they were caught, they were at the mercy of the forest guards who would take bribes from them. Women who collected fuelwood were especially worried. It was also common for police constables and forest guards to harass people by demanding free food from them.(b) How did Forest Rules Affect Cultivation?One of the major impacts of European colonialism was off the practice of shifting cultivation or swidden agriculture. Shifting cultivation as a system of agriculture has the following features:(i) Parts of forests are cut and burnt in rotation(ii) Seeds are sown in the ashes sifter the first monsoon rains.(iii) The crop is harvested by October-November.
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