Suppose a 70 kg person drinks 2L of water every day for 70 years with a chloroform concentration of 0.10 mg/L (the drinking water standard), upper bound cancer risk for this individual will be?
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Answer:
Dose-Response Assessment•The Reference Dose for Noncarcinogenic Effects •Reference dose (RfD), is a contemporary surrogate used by the USEPA instead of acceptable daily intake (ADI), and is intended to give an indication of a level of human exposure that is likely to be without appreciable risk •RfD = NOAEL / uncertainty factor (or safety factor) •A 10-fold uncertainty factor is used to account for differences in sensitivity between the most sensitive individuals in an exposed human population, such as pregnant women, babies, and the elderly, and “normal, healthy” people.•Another factor of 10 is introduced when the NOAEL is based on animal data that is to be extrapolated to human •Another factor of 10 is sometimes applied when there are no good human data and the animal data available are limited •Human levels are established at doses that are anywhere from one-tenth to one-thousandth of the NOAEL
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