Tabulate the types of soil under the following headings • Type of soil • Characteristic features • Area / Region found • Crops grown
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1. Alluvial Soils
Formation: They are mainly derived from the debris brought down from the Himalayas or the silt left out by the retreating sea. Thus they are azonal soils.
Areas: Alluvial soils are widespread in the northern plains and the river valleys. Through a narrow corridor in Rajasthan, they extend into the plains of Gujarat. In the Peninsular region, they are found in deltas of the east coast and in the river valleys.
Soil texture: The alluvial soils vary in nature from sandy loam to clay. These soils are more loamy and clayey in the lower and middle Ganga plain and the Brahmaputra valley. The sand content decreases from the west to east.
Soil Colour: The colour of the alluvial soils varies from the light grey to ash grey depending on the depth of the deposition, the texture of the materials, and the time taken for attaining maturity.
In the Upper and Middle Ganga plain, two different types of alluvial soils have developed, Khadar and Bhangar.
Khadar and Bhangar
Khadar: the newer alluvium deposited by floods annually, enriches the soil by depositing fine silts, light colour, found near river beds, porous in nature.Bhangar: older alluvium, clayey, darker, has lime nodules called Kankars, found in doabs (inter-fluve areas).
Alluvial soils of the northern plains —> transported soils —> therefore lack humus —> lack nitrogen [That is why we need to use nitrogenous fertilisers in the northern plains!].
These soils lack in nitrogen, phosphorus and humus. However, they are generally rich in potash and lime.
The soil profile has no stratification.
Alluvial soils are intensively cultivated.
In certain areas, these soils are covered with unproductive wind-borne soil called Loess.
Limitations:
Allow water to sink into lower strata, and
Lack nitrogen (But these soils are capable of fixing nitrogen very rapidly through leguminous crops (peas, beans, cloves etc.)
Suitable Crops: Wheat, rice, maize, sugarcane, pulses, oilseeds.
2. Black Soil
These soils are locally known as the ‘Regur Soil’ or the ‘Black Cotton Soil’. Internationally, these are known as ‘tropical chernozems’. These soils are famous for the cultivation of cotton.
Formation: These have mainly formed from the Deccan Trap rocks —> Zonal Soils
Areas: These are found in the Deccan trap region. Black soil covers most of the Deccan Plateau which includes parts of:
Madhya Pradesh,
Gujarat,
Andhra Pradesh and some parts of
Tamil Nadu.
Soil Texture: Black cotton soil (regur soil) is highly argillaceous i.e. clayey. It is deep and impermeable and thus has high water retention capacity.
Soil Colour: These soils are black in colour due to the presence of iron, aluminium compounds and humus.
These soils are rich in minerals and known for their fertility.
The soil depth varies from place to place. It is very thick in lowlands but very thin on highlands.
Suitable Crops: These soils are highly productive and well suited to the cultivation of cotton, pulses, millets, linseed, tobacco, sugarcane, vegetables and citrus fruits.
In the southern and eastern parts of the country where rainfall is heavy, black soils often occur in close proximity to red soils. Black soils occupy valleys and low-level areas whereas the red soils occur on higher slopes and hill tops.
4. Laterite Soil
The word laterite has been derived from the Latin word ‘Later’ which means brick. These soils when wet are as soft as butter but become hard and cloddy on drying. Therefore, these are widely cut as bricks for use in house construction.
Formation: The lateritic soils are particularly found on high flat erosion surfaces in areas of high(>200cm) and seasonal rainfall. The alternating wet and dry seasons lead to the leaching away of the siliceous matter of the rocks leaving behind the compounds of iron and aluminium. These are zonal soils.
Areas: These soils have mainly developed in the higher areas of the Peninsular plateau. The laterite soils are commonly found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and the hilly areas of Orissa and Assam.
Soil Colour: Reddish brown in colour due to the presence of iron oxide.
With rain, lime and silica are leached away, and soils rich in iron oxide and aluminium compound are left behind(thus the reddish brown colour). Also, humus content of the soil is removed fast by bacteria that thrives well in high temperature. These soils represent the end product of decomposition and are generally low in fertility. The pebbly crust is the important feature of laterites which is formed due to alteration of wet and dry periods. These soils are acidic in character due to leaching. Application of manures and fertilisers is required for making these soils fertile for cultivation.
Answer:
Explanation:
Alluvial soil = they are very extensive and are formed from sediments deposited by rivers as in the indo-Gangetic
Crops grown are= wheat, sugarcane, cotton....
Black soil =they are got from lava cooling down. They are derived from basalt rock. They are found in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh. Crops grown are cotton, sugarcane, jowar,....
Red soil =they are more Sandy and clayey they are red to redish in color. Found in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh. Crops grown are ragi, groundnut...
Laterite soil =formed in tropical areas under the condition of high temperature and rainfall. Found in Eastern Ghats, Meghalayan plateau. Crops cashew,rubber,...
Desert soil= formed under desert and semi desert. Found in Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana,. . So no crops are grown
Mountain soil =formed due to the decomposition of organic matter , rich in humus and are fertile. Found in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh.. Crops are tea, coffee, and fruits