Technological and institutional reform in India
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Primitive methods of farming
Dependence on monsoon and natural fertility of soil
Exploitation by local money lenders and middlemen
Lack of insurance against natural calamities
The technological and institutional changes initiated in India to improve the condition of farmers include:
The land reforms initiated in the first five-year plan aimed to:
abolish zamindari and
consolidate land holdings. The consolidation of land holdings involved combining adjacent small fields into single large farms and encouraging individual land owners to do cooperative farming
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