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Maurya Empire322 BCE–180 BCE

The maximum extent of the Maurya Empire, as shown in many modern maps.
CapitalPataliputra
(Present-day Patna, Bihar)LanguagesSanskrit, Magadhi PrakritReligionHinduism
Buddhism
Jainism
ĀjīvikaGovernmentAbsolute monarchy, as described in Chanakya's ArthashastraEmperor • 322–298 BCEChandragupta • 298–272 BCEBindusara • 268–232 BCEAshoka • 232–224 BCEDasharatha • 224–215 BCESamprati • 215–202 BCEShalishuka • 202–195 BCEDevavarman • 195–187 BCEShatadhanvan • 187–180 BCEBrihadrathaHistorical eraAntiquity • Established322 BCE • Disestablished180 BCEArea • 250 BCE[1]5,000,000 km2(1,900,000 sq mi)CurrencyPanas
Preceded bySucceeded byNanda EmpireMahajanapadaMagadhaPauravasTaxilaShunga EmpireSatavahana dynastyMahameghavahana dynastyIndo-ScythiansToday part of India
 Pakistan
 Bangladesh
 Afghanistan
 Nepal
 Iran
The Maurya Empire was a geographically-extensive Iron Age historical powerfounded by Chandragupta Maurya which dominated ancient India between 322 BCE and 180 BCE. Comprising the majority of South Asia, the Maurya Empire was centralized by conquering the Indo-Gangetic Plain in the eastern extant of the empire and had its capital city at Pataliputra (modern Patna).[2][3] The empire was the largest to have ever existed in the Indian subcontinent, spanning over 5 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles) at its zenith under Ashoka.
Chandragupta Maurya raised an army, with the assistance of Chanakya (also known as Kauṭilya),[4] and overthrew the Nanda Empire in c. 322 BCE. Chandragupta rapidly expanded his power westwards across central and western India by conquering the satraps left by Alexander the Great, and by 317 BCE the empire had fully occupied Northwestern India.[5] The Mauryan Empire then defeated Seleucus I, a diadochus and founder of the Seleucid Empire, during the Seleucid–Mauryan war, thus gained additional territory west of the Indus River.[6]
The Maurya Empire was one of the largest empires of the world. At its greatest extent, the empire stretched to the north along the natural boundaries of the Himalayas, to the east into Assam, to the west into Balochistan (southwest Pakistan and southeast Iran) and the Hindu Kush mountains of what is now Afghanistan.[7] The Empire was expanded into India's central and southern regions[8][9] by the emperors Chandragupta and Bindusara, but it excluded Kalinga (modern Odisha), until it was conquered by Ashoka.[10] It declined for about 50 years after Ashoka's rule ended, and it dissolved in 185 BCE with the foundation of the Shunga dynasty in Magadha.
Under Chandragupta Maurya and his successors, internal and external trade, agriculture, and economic activities all thrived and expanded across India thanks to the creation of a single and efficient system of finance, administration, and security. After the Kalinga War, the Empire experienced nearly half a century of peace and security under Ashoka. Mauryan India also enjoyed an era of social harmony, religious transformation, and expansion of the sciences and of knowledge. Chandragupta Maurya's embrace of Jainism increased social and religious renewal and reform across his society, while Ashoka's embrace of Buddhism has been said to have been the foundation of the reign of social and political peace and non-violence across all of India. Ashoka sponsored the spreading of Buddhist missionaries into Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, West Asia, North Africa, and Mediterranean Europe.[11]
The population of the empire has been estimated to be about 50–60 million, making the Mauryan Empire one of the most populous empires of Antiquity.[12][13] Archaeologically, the period of Mauryan rule in South Asia falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). The Arthashastra[14] and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary sources of written records of Mauryan times. The Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath has been made the national emblem of India.
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The maximum extent of the Maurya Empire, as shown in many modern maps.
CapitalPataliputra
(Present-day Patna, Bihar)LanguagesSanskrit, Magadhi PrakritReligionHinduism
Buddhism
Jainism
ĀjīvikaGovernmentAbsolute monarchy, as described in Chanakya's ArthashastraEmperor • 322–298 BCEChandragupta • 298–272 BCEBindusara • 268–232 BCEAshoka • 232–224 BCEDasharatha • 224–215 BCESamprati • 215–202 BCEShalishuka • 202–195 BCEDevavarman • 195–187 BCEShatadhanvan • 187–180 BCEBrihadrathaHistorical eraAntiquity • Established322 BCE • Disestablished180 BCEArea • 250 BCE[1]5,000,000 km2(1,900,000 sq mi)CurrencyPanas
Preceded bySucceeded byNanda EmpireMahajanapadaMagadhaPauravasTaxilaShunga EmpireSatavahana dynastyMahameghavahana dynastyIndo-ScythiansToday part of India
 Pakistan
 Bangladesh
 Afghanistan
 Nepal
 Iran
The Maurya Empire was a geographically-extensive Iron Age historical powerfounded by Chandragupta Maurya which dominated ancient India between 322 BCE and 180 BCE. Comprising the majority of South Asia, the Maurya Empire was centralized by conquering the Indo-Gangetic Plain in the eastern extant of the empire and had its capital city at Pataliputra (modern Patna).[2][3] The empire was the largest to have ever existed in the Indian subcontinent, spanning over 5 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles) at its zenith under Ashoka.
Chandragupta Maurya raised an army, with the assistance of Chanakya (also known as Kauṭilya),[4] and overthrew the Nanda Empire in c. 322 BCE. Chandragupta rapidly expanded his power westwards across central and western India by conquering the satraps left by Alexander the Great, and by 317 BCE the empire had fully occupied Northwestern India.[5] The Mauryan Empire then defeated Seleucus I, a diadochus and founder of the Seleucid Empire, during the Seleucid–Mauryan war, thus gained additional territory west of the Indus River.[6]
The Maurya Empire was one of the largest empires of the world. At its greatest extent, the empire stretched to the north along the natural boundaries of the Himalayas, to the east into Assam, to the west into Balochistan (southwest Pakistan and southeast Iran) and the Hindu Kush mountains of what is now Afghanistan.[7] The Empire was expanded into India's central and southern regions[8][9] by the emperors Chandragupta and Bindusara, but it excluded Kalinga (modern Odisha), until it was conquered by Ashoka.[10] It declined for about 50 years after Ashoka's rule ended, and it dissolved in 185 BCE with the foundation of the Shunga dynasty in Magadha.
Under Chandragupta Maurya and his successors, internal and external trade, agriculture, and economic activities all thrived and expanded across India thanks to the creation of a single and efficient system of finance, administration, and security. After the Kalinga War, the Empire experienced nearly half a century of peace and security under Ashoka. Mauryan India also enjoyed an era of social harmony, religious transformation, and expansion of the sciences and of knowledge. Chandragupta Maurya's embrace of Jainism increased social and religious renewal and reform across his society, while Ashoka's embrace of Buddhism has been said to have been the foundation of the reign of social and political peace and non-violence across all of India. Ashoka sponsored the spreading of Buddhist missionaries into Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, West Asia, North Africa, and Mediterranean Europe.[11]
The population of the empire has been estimated to be about 50–60 million, making the Mauryan Empire one of the most populous empires of Antiquity.[12][13] Archaeologically, the period of Mauryan rule in South Asia falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). The Arthashastra[14] and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary sources of written records of Mauryan times. The Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath has been made the national emblem of India.
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