Question

tell me the summary of Indus valley civilization and vedic age
also Gupta Empire?​

Answer 1

Answer:

The Vedic period, or Vedic age ( c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE), is the period in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age of the history of India when the Vedas were composed in the northern Indian subcontinent, between the end of the urban Indus Valley Civilisation and a second urbanisation which began in the central Indo- ...

Answer 2

Explanation:

6.1 The Indian Syllabaries

The earliest attested writing system of India is the script of the Indus Valley civilization, dating back to ca. 2500 BC. Many of the symbols are of a pictographic nature, and the number of symbols identified suggests that this writing system is logographic, possibly partially syllabic. It is, however, presently poorly understood and does not appear to have been the source of the Indian syllabaries which appear in the third century BC. These scripts, Kharoshthi and Brahmi, probably developed from the Aramaic consonantal writing system. Of the two, only Brahmi appears to have survived late antiquity; its perhaps best-known form being Devanagari, the writing system of Sanskrit, as well as that of Hindi and other modern Indo-Aryan languages.

Devanagari differs notably from the Mediterranean and Mesopotamian syllabic writing systems in that rather than having a distinct symbol for each possible consonant+vowel combination, Devanagari consists of a basic set of CV symbols having the vowel value-a (i.e., Ca symbols). These CV symbols can be assigned different vowel values (Ci, Cu, etc.) by the addition of diacritic strokes (this is essentially the same strategy utilized by the Ethiopic syllabary, which traces its origins to a Semitic consonantal writing system, as apparently do the Indic scripts). Devanagari also has the capacity to transform basic CV symbols into ones representing more complex consonantal components (CCV, CCCV, etc.) through the use of conventionalized ligatures. Such ligatures consist essentially of a Ca symbol (representing the final member of the consonant cluster) to which a form, often highly abbreviated, of one or more other Ca symbols is attached. Word-final consonants are spelled utilizing the appropriate Ca symbol beneath which a diacritic mark, called virama, is placed, revealing to the reader that the symbol is to be read with no vowel component.

The Indian syllabaries were spread through much of Central and Southeast Asia, giving rise to writing systems for numerous languages. Not only does the Tibetan script trace its roots to India, but also the writing systems of Javanese, Thai, Burmese, Lao, and Khmer.

Pakistan

N. Mahmood, R. Malik, in International Encyclopedia of Education (Third Edition), 2010

General Background

The roots of the Pakistani nation can be traced back both to the great Muslim civilization which flourished between the seventh and tenth centuries in Asia and Africa and to the Indus Valley civilization, which prevailed 5000 years ago. The excavations of Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Soan Valley have provided evidence of the highly organized civilizations which existed around the Indus River. The Indus Valley civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in the world and it achieved a high level of sophistication at an early stage (3000 BC) and flourished for many centuries. The ruins at Mohenjo-Daro (Sindh, Pakistan) revealed that people living there had a well-organized social and economic structure. It was a very well planned city with proper sanitation, general civic facilities, metric system of measurement, and many other aspects indicating that the people of the Indus Valley civilization were well ahead of other civilizations which existed at that time, both in technological crafts and the sociolegal system. The people of that time sailed the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf in wooden boats and traded in gems, animal hides, and fabrics. In the fourth century BC, Alexandar and his armies passed through this region, and in the sixth century BC, the Persian Empire was extended to the Indus Valley. The Indo-Aryans, who predominate in contemporary Pakistan, arrived between about 1500 and 1200 BC. Later on, Islam was introduced in this region during the seventh century. Art, literature, music, and architecture flourished during this period. This region, therefore, has been a melting pot for diverse races and cultures.