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Answer:
What are some changes in computers over the years?
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The word ‘computer’ means someone or something who computes. A computer is a general purpose device that has developed a lot over the years. Could you live without a computer or any technology that uses the Internet? Since the 1940’s, there have been four generations of computers with the pros and cons attached. So how did the first computer come about and how has it changed over the years? But also, how has it changed society?
The 1st Generation
The 1st generation of computers was from 1940 to 1955. Computers were powered by vacuum tubes and used magnetic drums to store data and memory.
The vacuum tube controlled the electric current through a sealed container. The container was often made of thin transparent glass in a rough cylinder shape. The magnetic drum is a metal coated cylinder with magnetic iron-oxide material which stored data and programs.
The ENIAC (Electric Numerical Integrator and Computer) was created by John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert. The ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays, 6,000 manual switches and 5 million soldered joints. It covered 1800 square feet of floor space and weighed 30 tons. In one second, the ENIAC could work out 5,000 additions, 357 multiplications or 38 divisions. Because vacuum tubes are used instead of switches and relays, it increases the speed of the calculations, but it took technicians weeks to re-program and the machine required many hours of maintenance – 24 hours a day!
There were many problems with the first generation computers, like many things when they start out. They were very expensive to make and run, slow and had limited application capabilities. They also generated a lot of heat and used large amounts of electricity, the ENIAC used 160 kilowatts of electrical power!
The 2nd Generation
Then in 1956, the second generation of computers hit. The vacuum tubes were no longer the best thing for running a computer, the latest component to replace the vacuum tubes is a transistor. The transistor had a major influence on the development of electronics as it was more reliable than the first generation. It made the computers smaller, faster, cheaper and more efficient to run. The first symbolic languages appeared and the backgrounds of high level programming languages were developed. The first versions of this was COBOL and FORTRAN. However, they were still generating a lot of heat which resulted in the damage of sensitive internal parts of the computer.
The 3rd Generation
The era of transistors was short lived because in 1964, integrated circuits became the next great thing in developing semiconductor technology. Integrated circuits allowed to place miniaturised transistors on silicon chips. And of course the better technology enhanced the speed and efficiency and was much smaller and cheaper to run and the computers were made to be more accessible and affordable to a mass audience. Punched cards and printouts were replaced by keyboards and monitors and the first operating system was created to allow multiple applications to run on one computer.
You can probably see the modern computer starting to take shape as the evolution of computers goes on. Computers were getting faster and using less energy and money to run and more affordable for the average person to buy.
The 4th Generation
The 4th generation is still the present generation of computers. When microprocessors were invented in 1971, the era of mass usage of computers began! The 4th generation was started by the Intel 4004 chip. Microprocessors have thousands of integrated circuits on one silicon chip. This chip contained the CPU, memory and input/output controls – a lot more advanced that the last 3 generations. 10 years later, IBM introduced the first computer that was dedicated to the home user. Then three years later, Apple introduced Macintosh.
The development of computer networks began and this lead to the invention of the Internet. In the last generation keyboards and monitors were invented, in this generation we saw the invention of the mouse, GUI and other features. The usage of microprocessors expanded and in present day, the majority of electronic devices used microprocessors or micro-controllers.
The Present day and the Future