Question

tennis.
Practice Time-l
7 The platypus is not a fish. The platypus is not a duck.
2. Geeta is good in singing. Sheela is good in singing.
3. Jaya is good in studies. She is not good in dancing.
Do you want to have an ice-cream? Do you want to have a sandwich?
5. She worked very hard. She could not reach the peak of Mt. Everest.
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Answer 1

Answer:

REPORT MY ALL QUESTIONS I GUVE THANKS AND POINTS

Answer 2

Answer:

An argument has to satisfy the Logic Condition in order for it to qualify as a good argument. But there are two importantly different ways in which an argument can satisfy the Logic Condition.

One way is if the argument is valid. Another way is if the argument is strong.

"Validity" and "strength" are technical terms that logicians and philosophers use to describe the logical "glue" that binds premises and conclusions together. Valid arguments have the strongest logical glue possible.

In this lecture we're going to talk about "validity" and the difference between "valid" versus "invalid" arguments. In the next lecture we'll talk about "strength" and the difference between "strong" versus "weak" arguments.

Together, these two concepts, validity and strength, will help us to specify precisely what it means for an argument to satisfy the Logic Condition.

Valid vs Invalid

We've seen valid arguments before. Recall the Tom Cruise argument:

1. All actors are robots.

2. Tom Cruise is an actor.

Therefore, Tom Cruise is a robot.

This is an example of a valid argument.

Here's the standard definition of a valid argument:

An argument is VALID if it has the following hypothetical or conditional property:

IF all the premises are true, then the conclusion CANNOT be false.

In this case we know that in fact the first premise is false (not all actors are robots) but the argument is still valid because IF the premises were true it would be IMPOSSIBLE for the conclusion to be false.

In other words, in a hypothetical world where all actors are robots, and Tom Cruise also happens to be an actor, then it's logically impossible for Tom Cruise NOT to be a robot.

THAT is the distinctive property of this argument that we're pointing to when we call it “valid” — that it's logically impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false. Or to put it another way, the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion.

These are all different ways of saying the same thing. Validity is the strongest possible logical glue you can have between premises and conclusion.

Here's an example of an INVALID argument:

1. All actors are robots.