Question

$\bold{1.}$ What are Ellingham diagrams and what are the applications of Ellingham diagrams?
$\bold{2.}$ What is Crystal Field Theory?
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Answer 1

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1. In metallurgy, the Ellingham diagram is used to predict the equilibrium temperature between a metal, its oxide, and oxygen — and by extension, reactions of a metal with sulfur, nitrogen, and other non-metals. The diagrams are useful in predicting the conditions under which an ore will be reduced to its metal.

2.Crystal field theory describes the breaking of degeneracies of electron orbital states, usually d or f orbitals, due to a static electric field produced by a surrounding charge distribution.

Explanation:

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Answer 2

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Actually Welcome to the Concept of the Inorganic Chemistry.

1.) Ellingham Diagrams :-

When we are talking about the formation of Chemical compounds, there always involves some concern on the stability and variation in temperatures of the compounds while complete formation.

Hence, to resolve this, The Ellingham Diagram is used to understand the variation in temperature required for the thermal reduction of oxides and to predict which element will suit as the reducing agent for a given metal oxide. The Gibbs energy is the most important thermodynamic term in metal extraction.

The change in the Gibbs energy when 1 gram molecule of oxygen, sulphur (or) halogen is used to form oxides, sulphides (or) halides of metals plotted against temperature. This graphical representation is called an Ellingham diagram.

Applications :-

a.) It is used to know the conditions and temperature required for the reduction of metal oxides and sulphides.

b.) It is used to find out the feasibility of thermal reduction of an ore.

c.)It is also used for extraction of a metal from an ore and for finding the best reducing agent for reduction of metal oxides.

2.)Crystal Field Theory:-

This theory proposes the explanation for the bonding and the properties of complexes than the valence bond theory.

This theory considers the interaction between central metal atom and ligan-d is purely electrostatic.

When a complex is formed the central metal atom is surrounded by oppositely charged ligan-ds, No Hybridisation takes place to form a bond the ligan-d molecule must approach towards central metal atom.

In absence of external magnetic field, the d orbital of central metal atom is degenerate but this degeneracy breaks when ligan-d approaches.

The d orbital splits into two sets:

=> Axial set

=> Non - axial set

Opposite forces occur between electrons of metal and with lone pair ligan-ds due to which energy of electron changes.