Question

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Answer 1

Answer:

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The Vedic period, or Vedic age (c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE), is the period in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age of the history of India when the Vedas were composed in the northern Indian subcontinent, between the end of the urban Indus Valley Civilisation and a second urbanisation which began in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain c. 600 BCE. The Vedas are liturgical texts which formed the basis of the influential Brahmanical ideology, which developed in the Kuru Kingdom, a tribal union of several Indo-Aryan tribes. The Vedas contain details of life during this period that have been interpreted to be historical and constitute the primary sources for understanding the period. These documents, alongside the corresponding archaeological record, allow for the evolution of the Indo-Aryan and Vedic culture to be traced and inferred.The Vedas were composed and orally transmitted with precision by speakers of an Old Indo-Aryan language who had migrated into the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent early in this period. The Vedic society was patriarchal and patrilineal.Early Indo-Aryans were a Late Bronze Age society centred in the Punjab, organised into tribes rather than kingdoms, and primarily sustained by a pastoral way of life.

Around c. 1200–1000 BCE the Aryan culture spread eastward to the fertile western Ganges Plain. Iron tools were adopted, which allowed for the clearing of forests and the adoption of a more settled, agricultural way of life. The second half of the Vedic period was characterised by the emergence of towns, kingdoms, and a complex social differentiation distinctive to India, and the Kuru Kingdom's codification of orthodox sacrificial ritual. During this time, the central Ganges Plain was dominated by a related but non-Vedic Indo-Aryan culture, of Greater Magadha. The end of the Vedic period witnessed the rise of true cities and large states (called mahajanapadas) as well as śramaṇa movements (including Jainism and Buddhism) which challenged the Vedic orthodoxy.

The Vedic period saw the emergence of a hierarchy of social classes that would remain influential. Vedic religion developed into Brahmanical orthodoxy, and around the beginning of the Common Era, the Vedic tradition formed one of the main constituents of "Hindu synthesis".

Archaeological cultures identified with phases of Indo-Aryan material culture include the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture, the Gandhara grave culture, the black and red ware culture and the Painted Grey Ware culture.

Explanation:

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Answer 2

Answer:

ᴛʜᴇ ᴠᴇᴅɪᴄ ᴘᴇʀɪᴏᴅ, ᴏʀ ᴠᴇᴅɪᴄ ᴀɢᴇ (ᴄ. 1500 – ᴄ. 500 ʙᴄᴇ), ɪs ᴛʜᴇ ᴘᴇʀɪᴏᴅ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ʟᴀᴛᴇ ʙʀᴏɴᴢᴇ ᴀɢᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ᴇᴀʀʟʏ ɪʀᴏɴ ᴀɢᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ʜɪsᴛᴏʀʏ ᴏғ ɪɴᴅɪᴀ ᴡʜᴇɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴠᴇᴅᴀs ᴡᴇʀᴇ ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏsᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴏʀᴛʜᴇʀɴ ɪɴᴅɪᴀɴ sᴜʙᴄᴏɴᴛɪɴᴇɴᴛ, ʙᴇᴛᴡᴇᴇɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇɴᴅ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴜʀʙᴀɴ ɪɴᴅᴜs ᴠᴀʟʟᴇʏ ᴄɪᴠɪʟɪsᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴀɴᴅ ᴀ sᴇᴄᴏɴᴅ ᴜʀʙᴀɴɪsᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ʙᴇɢᴀɴ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴀʟ ɪɴᴅᴏ-ɢᴀɴɢᴇᴛɪᴄ ᴘʟᴀɪɴ ᴄ. 600 ʙᴄᴇ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴠᴇᴅᴀs ᴀʀᴇ ʟɪᴛᴜʀɢɪᴄᴀʟ ᴛᴇxᴛs ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ғᴏʀᴍᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ʙᴀsɪs ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴғʟᴜᴇɴᴛɪᴀʟ ʙʀᴀʜᴍᴀɴɪᴄᴀʟ ɪᴅᴇᴏʟᴏɢʏ, ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴅᴇᴠᴇʟᴏᴘᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴋᴜʀᴜ ᴋɪɴɢᴅᴏᴍ, ᴀ ᴛʀɪʙᴀʟ ᴜɴɪᴏɴ ᴏғ sᴇᴠᴇʀᴀʟ ɪɴᴅᴏ-ᴀʀʏᴀɴ ᴛʀɪʙᴇs. ᴛʜᴇ ᴠᴇᴅᴀs ᴄᴏɴᴛᴀɪɴ ᴅᴇᴛᴀɪʟs ᴏғ ʟɪғᴇ ᴅᴜʀɪɴɢ ᴛʜɪs ᴘᴇʀɪᴏᴅ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ʙᴇᴇɴ ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴘʀᴇᴛᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ʙᴇ ʜɪsᴛᴏʀɪᴄᴀʟ ᴀɴᴅ ᴄᴏɴsᴛɪᴛᴜᴛᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘʀɪᴍᴀʀʏ sᴏᴜʀᴄᴇs ғᴏʀ ᴜɴᴅᴇʀsᴛᴀɴᴅɪɴɢ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘᴇʀɪᴏᴅ. ᴛʜᴇsᴇ ᴅᴏᴄᴜᴍᴇɴᴛs, ᴀʟᴏɴɢsɪᴅᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴏʀʀᴇsᴘᴏɴᴅɪɴɢ ᴀʀᴄʜᴀᴇᴏʟᴏɢɪᴄᴀʟ ʀᴇᴄᴏʀᴅ, ᴀʟʟᴏᴡ ғᴏʀ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇᴠᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴᴅᴏ-ᴀʀʏᴀɴ ᴀɴᴅ ᴠᴇᴅɪᴄ ᴄᴜʟᴛᴜʀᴇ ᴛᴏ ʙᴇ ᴛʀᴀᴄᴇᴅ ᴀɴᴅ ɪɴғᴇʀʀᴇᴅ.ᴛʜᴇ ᴠᴇᴅᴀs ᴡᴇʀᴇ ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏsᴇᴅ ᴀɴᴅ ᴏʀᴀʟʟʏ ᴛʀᴀɴsᴍɪᴛᴛᴇᴅ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴘʀᴇᴄɪsɪᴏɴ ʙʏ sᴘᴇᴀᴋᴇʀs ᴏғ ᴀɴ ᴏʟᴅ ɪɴᴅᴏ-ᴀʀʏᴀɴ ʟᴀɴɢᴜᴀɢᴇ ᴡʜᴏ ʜᴀᴅ ᴍɪɢʀᴀᴛᴇᴅ ɪɴᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴏʀᴛʜᴡᴇsᴛᴇʀɴ ʀᴇɢɪᴏɴs ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴᴅɪᴀɴ sᴜʙᴄᴏɴᴛɪɴᴇɴᴛ ᴇᴀʀʟʏ ɪɴ ᴛʜɪs ᴘᴇʀɪᴏᴅ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴠᴇᴅɪᴄ sᴏᴄɪᴇᴛʏ ᴡᴀs ᴘᴀᴛʀɪᴀʀᴄʜᴀʟ ᴀɴᴅ ᴘᴀᴛʀɪʟɪɴᴇᴀʟ.ᴇᴀʀʟʏ ɪɴᴅᴏ-ᴀʀʏᴀɴs ᴡᴇʀᴇ ᴀ ʟᴀᴛᴇ ʙʀᴏɴᴢᴇ ᴀɢᴇ sᴏᴄɪᴇᴛʏ ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘᴜɴᴊᴀʙ, ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴇᴅ ɪɴᴛᴏ ᴛʀɪʙᴇs ʀᴀᴛʜᴇʀ ᴛʜᴀɴ ᴋɪɴɢᴅᴏᴍs, ᴀɴᴅ ᴘʀɪᴍᴀʀɪʟʏ sᴜsᴛᴀɪɴᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴀ ᴘᴀsᴛᴏʀᴀʟ ᴡᴀʏ ᴏғ ʟɪғᴇ.

ᴀʀᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴄ. 1200–1000 ʙᴄᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀʀʏᴀɴ ᴄᴜʟᴛᴜʀᴇ sᴘʀᴇᴀᴅ ᴇᴀsᴛᴡᴀʀᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ғᴇʀᴛɪʟᴇ ᴡᴇsᴛᴇʀɴ ɢᴀɴɢᴇs ᴘʟᴀɪɴ. ɪʀᴏɴ ᴛᴏᴏʟs ᴡᴇʀᴇ ᴀᴅᴏᴘᴛᴇᴅ, ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴀʟʟᴏᴡᴇᴅ ғᴏʀ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄʟᴇᴀʀɪɴɢ ᴏғ ғᴏʀᴇsᴛs ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴅᴏᴘᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴀ ᴍᴏʀᴇ sᴇᴛᴛʟᴇᴅ, ᴀɢʀɪᴄᴜʟᴛᴜʀᴀʟ ᴡᴀʏ ᴏғ ʟɪғᴇ. ᴛʜᴇ sᴇᴄᴏɴᴅ ʜᴀʟғ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴠᴇᴅɪᴄ ᴘᴇʀɪᴏᴅ ᴡᴀs ᴄʜᴀʀᴀᴄᴛᴇʀɪsᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇᴍᴇʀɢᴇɴᴄᴇ ᴏғ ᴛᴏᴡɴs, ᴋɪɴɢᴅᴏᴍs, ᴀɴᴅ ᴀ ᴄᴏᴍᴘʟᴇx sᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ᴅɪғғᴇʀᴇɴᴛɪᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴅɪsᴛɪɴᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴛᴏ ɪɴᴅɪᴀ, ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴋᴜʀᴜ ᴋɪɴɢᴅᴏᴍ's ᴄᴏᴅɪғɪᴄᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴏʀᴛʜᴏᴅᴏx sᴀᴄʀɪғɪᴄɪᴀʟ ʀɪᴛᴜᴀʟ. ᴅᴜʀɪɴɢ ᴛʜɪs ᴛɪᴍᴇ, ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴀʟ ɢᴀɴɢᴇs ᴘʟᴀɪɴ ᴡᴀs ᴅᴏᴍɪɴᴀᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴀ ʀᴇʟᴀᴛᴇᴅ ʙᴜᴛ ɴᴏɴ-ᴠᴇᴅɪᴄ ɪɴᴅᴏ-ᴀʀʏᴀɴ ᴄᴜʟᴛᴜʀᴇ, ᴏғ ɢʀᴇᴀᴛᴇʀ ᴍᴀɢᴀᴅʜᴀ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴇɴᴅ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴠᴇᴅɪᴄ ᴘᴇʀɪᴏᴅ ᴡɪᴛɴᴇssᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ʀɪsᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʀᴜᴇ ᴄɪᴛɪᴇs ᴀɴᴅ ʟᴀʀɢᴇ sᴛᴀᴛᴇs (ᴄᴀʟʟᴇᴅ ᴍᴀʜᴀᴊᴀɴᴀᴘᴀᴅᴀs) ᴀs ᴡᴇʟʟ ᴀs śʀᴀᴍᴀṇᴀ ᴍᴏᴠᴇᴍᴇɴᴛs (ɪɴᴄʟᴜᴅɪɴɢ ᴊᴀɪɴɪsᴍ ᴀɴᴅ ʙᴜᴅᴅʜɪsᴍ) ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴄʜᴀʟʟᴇɴɢᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴠᴇᴅɪᴄ ᴏʀᴛʜᴏᴅᴏxʏ.

ᴛʜᴇ ᴠᴇᴅɪᴄ ᴘᴇʀɪᴏᴅ sᴀᴡ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇᴍᴇʀɢᴇɴᴄᴇ ᴏғ ᴀ ʜɪᴇʀᴀʀᴄʜʏ ᴏғ sᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ᴄʟᴀssᴇs ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴡᴏᴜʟᴅ ʀᴇᴍᴀɪɴ ɪɴғʟᴜᴇɴᴛɪᴀʟ. ᴠᴇᴅɪᴄ ʀᴇʟɪɢɪᴏɴ ᴅᴇᴠᴇʟᴏᴘᴇᴅ ɪɴᴛᴏ ʙʀᴀʜᴍᴀɴɪᴄᴀʟ ᴏʀᴛʜᴏᴅᴏxʏ, ᴀɴᴅ ᴀʀᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ʙᴇɢɪɴɴɪɴɢ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴏᴍᴍᴏɴ ᴇʀᴀ, ᴛʜᴇ ᴠᴇᴅɪᴄ ᴛʀᴀᴅɪᴛɪᴏɴ ғᴏʀᴍᴇᴅ ᴏɴᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴀɪɴ ᴄᴏɴsᴛɪᴛᴜᴇɴᴛs ᴏғ "ʜɪɴᴅᴜ sʏɴᴛʜᴇsɪs".

ᴀʀᴄʜᴀᴇᴏʟᴏɢɪᴄᴀʟ ᴄᴜʟᴛᴜʀᴇs ɪᴅᴇɴᴛɪғɪᴇᴅ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴘʜᴀsᴇs ᴏғ ɪɴᴅᴏ-ᴀʀʏᴀɴ ᴍᴀᴛᴇʀɪᴀʟ ᴄᴜʟᴛᴜʀᴇ ɪɴᴄʟᴜᴅᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴏᴄʜʀᴇ ᴄᴏʟᴏᴜʀᴇᴅ ᴘᴏᴛᴛᴇʀʏ ᴄᴜʟᴛᴜʀᴇ, ᴛʜᴇ ɢᴀɴᴅʜᴀʀᴀ ɢʀᴀᴠᴇ ᴄᴜʟᴛᴜʀᴇ, ᴛʜᴇ ʙʟᴀᴄᴋ ᴀɴᴅ ʀᴇᴅ ᴡᴀʀᴇ ᴄᴜʟᴛᴜʀᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘᴀɪɴᴛᴇᴅ ɢʀᴇʏ ᴡᴀʀᴇ ᴄᴜʟᴛᴜʀᴇ