Answers
Glycolysis:-
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO−, and a hydrogen ion, H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). Glycolysis is a sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful rather than just utilized as steps in the overall reaction. For example: the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.
Nephron:-
The nephron is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and an encompassing Bowman's capsule. The renal tubule extends from the capsule. The capsule and tubule are connected and are composed of epithelial cells with a lumen. A healthy adult has 1 to 1.5 million nephrons in each kidney.Blood is filtered as it passes through three layers: the endothelial cells of the capillary wall, its basement membrane, and between the foot processes of the podocytes of the lining of the capsule. The tubule has adjacent peritubular capillaries that run between the descending and ascending portions of the tubule. As the fluid from the capsule flows down into the tubule, it is processed by the epithelial cells lining the tubule: water is reabsorbed and substances are exchanged (some are added, others are removed); first with the interstitial fluid outside the tubules, and then into the plasma in the adjacent peritubular capillaries through the endothelial cells lining that capillary. This process regulates the volume of body fluid as well as levels of many body substances. At the end of the tubule, the remaining fluid—urine—exits: it is composed of water, metabolic waste, and toxins.
Budding:-
Organisms such as hydra use regenerative cells for reproduction in the process of budding.
In hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at one specific site. These buds develop into tiny individuals and, when fully mature, detach from the parent body and become new independent individuals.
Internal budding or endodyogeny is a process of asexual reproduction, favored by parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii. It involves an unusual process in which two daughter cells are produced inside a mother cell, which is then consumed by the offspring prior to their separation.
Endopolygeny is the division into several organisms at once by internal budding.
The process of of breakdown of glucose completely into carbon dioxide and water and into a three carbon molecule called pyruvate is called Glycolysis. This process takes place in the cytoplasm.
- Further,the, pyruvate may be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This process takes place in yeast during fermentation.
- Breakdown of pyruvate using oxygen takes place in mitochondria.This process breaks the 3 carbon pyruvate molecule to give up three molecules of carbon dioxide. The other product is water.
- During the shortage of oxygen in a muscle cells another pathway for The breakdown of pyruvate is taken. The pyruvate is converted into lactic acid which is also three carbon molecule.
Although the body performs many functions and uses several mechanisms to remove the waste from the body, an important role is played by nephrons. They help in waste removal from the body and in the filtration of blood. The kidneys are the main organs that are involved in this process and their failure to perform these functions can prove fatal. They perform critical functions for the body and the nephrons help in the smooth functioning of the kidney. It is why the nephrons are the most important unit in waste removal from the body.
Organisms search has hydra use reason relative cells for reproduction in the process of budding. In hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at one specific site. Thesebuds develop into tiny individuals and when fully matured detached from the parent body and become new independent individual. Budding is a type of a sexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or but due to cell division at one particular place.