Write notes on (a) Military campaigns of Shah Jahan
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To the north of the country, (Present day Afghanistan), lay the province of Balkh and Badakhsha surrounded by the river Oxus and the Hindukush Mountain. In the middle ages, they were neither civilized nor prosperous and had been ruthlessly ravaged by Mongols, Uzbegs ,and Turkomans, who had all inflicted untold misery on the native population.1Recovery of ancestral Timurid dominions by Mughal rulers of India in the 16th and 17th centuries was a constant dream. They regarded Trans-Oxiana as belonging to them by right of legal inheritance, and they always cast longing eyes on the arid regions of the north. To recover Samarqand and Bokhara Babur went to the length of even sacrificing his religious conscience. Humayun‟s activities could not extend further than Badakhsha. Akbar was confronted by the mighty „Abdullah Khan Uzbeg, and could hardly move his feet beyond the borders of the suba of Kabul. And when after the Deccan wars he had an opportunity, his attention was engrossed with the rebellion of his sons. Jahangir inherited the ambition of his father, but lacked practical genius. During his reign, therefore, friendly relations were maintained with the rulers of Trans-Oxiana.2