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Explanation:
The Chinese script is one of the most important achievements of Chinese civilization and has played a vital role in maintaining a cultural continuity for more than three millennia. To this day, it remains an iconic feature of Chinese culture that not only connects Chinese people with their past (even after the modern simplification of the script) but also provides a fully functional alternative to alphabetic writing systems in our information age. Although various graphic marks are known from Neolithic sites as early as 6,000 BCE (e.g., in Jiahu, Henan), the first examples of written texts come from the late Shang period, around 1,200 BCE. These are the oracle-bone inscriptions used in the Shang court as records of divination related to state affairs. Most specialists agree that these early inscriptions, carved onto turtle plastrons and ox scapulae, present a fully mature writing system capable of recording contemporary spoken language. Yet there may have been an earlier stage of which we still do not have archaeological evidence. Attempts to link Shang writing with Neolithic symbols have been unconvincing, primarily because of the gap of several thousand years between them. But starting with the late Shang period, we have an unbroken continuity of archaeological materials with writing on them, including oracle bones, bronze inscriptions, and bamboo and silk manuscripts. Although paper is known from at least the 2nd century BCE, it became widespread as a medium for writing only around the 4th century CE, after which it almost completely replaced all earlier media. In the meantime, the script itself also evolved from its Shang form and became increasingly sophisticated as a growing number of characters developed toward greater structural complexity. The reform of the script initiated in 221 BCE by Li Si 李斯 (280?–208 BCE), the First Emperor’s chancellor, at least symbolically marked a transition from the “ancient” script of the pre-Qin era to the “modern” script of dynastic China.