The +3 oxidation state is the characteristic oxidation state of lanthanides, though their atoms contain only 2 outermost electrons(6s2)
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Firstly They loose their electrons from 4F orbitals and after that they loose their electrons from 6s orbitals.
Cerium is the only atom their which show +4 oxidation state.
It's d orbitals hardly participate in valency
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most stable oxidation state of lanthanides is +3 which is attained by loss of 2 electrons from 6s subshell and 1 electron from 4f subshell. The energy difference between these two subshells is quite high thats why more elctron cannot be removed from 4f subshell. so by loss of 2 electrons from 6s and one from 4f the lanthanides show +3 oxidation state.
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