the acts of environmental injustice
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The Flint, Mich., water crisis and the Dakota Pipeline protests serve as national examples of environmental injustices, but similar issues affect communities across the country.
Environmental injustice
on environmental racism in the United States (US) shows that communities of colour
are often targeted by firms engaged in the production of hazardous materials such as
chemicals and toxics, because they anticipate a more compliant workforce that can be paid
lower wages and where they expect political resistance to be less forthcoming. If these are
the ‘drivers’ of environmental racism, its consequences include much higher levels of
exposure to toxics and subsequently increased rates of illnesses related to exposure to these
hazards among minority communities. Taking just one statistic to illustrate the point, the
famous 1987 study by the United Church of Christ (UCC) Commission for Racial Justice
found that three out of every five African and Hispanic-Americans live in communities
with uncontrolled toxic waste sites (Commission for Racial Justice 1987).
Given the limitations of voluntary patterns of business-based self-regulation and state
interventions to protect the rights of poorer communities – either excluded from