the age of social change Socialism in Europe spread of socialism true or not
Answers
Explanation:
THE AGE OF SOCIAL CHANGE
The French Revolution opened up the possibility of creating a dramatic change in the way in which society was structured. Not everyone in Europe, however, wanted a complete transformation. Some were ‘conservatives’, while others were ‘liberals’ or ‘radicals’.
Liberals: Wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. They were against the uncontrolled power of the dynastic rulers.They wanted rights for individuals.They argued for an elected parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by a well trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials. They were not democrats because they did not believe in universal adult franchise.
Radicals: Wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country’s population. They disliked concentration of property in hands of a few, not the existence of private property.
Conservatives: They resisted change. After the revolution they started accepting change provided it was slow and had links and respected the past.
Industries and Social Change : This was the time of economic and social change. It was also the beginning of the industrial revolution. Men, women and children were pushed into factories for low wages, Liberals and radicals who were factory owners felt that efforts must be encouraged so that benefits of industrialization should be passed on to workers.
Socialism in Europe: Socialists were against private property and saw it as root of social evils.They had different visions of the future. Some believed in cooperatives, some demanded that governments must encourage cooperatives.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels added that industrial society was capitalist. Marx believed that a socialist society would free the workers from capitalism. This would be a communist society.
Support for Socialism : Socialists formed an organization called ‘Second International’ to spread socialist ideas. Workers in Germany and England began forming associations to fight for better living conditions. They set up funds for members in distress, reduction of working hours and right to vote.
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
In 1914, Tsar Nicholas II ruled the Russian empire.
Economy and Society: Most of the Russian population( about 85 %) were agriculturalist. Industries were being set up which was mostly private property of industrialists. Workers were divided into groups but they did unite to strike work when they were dissatisfied. Peasants had no respect for nobility, very unlike the French peasant. Russian peasants were the only peasant community which pooled their land and their commune divided
THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION IN PETROGRAD
Events
In the winter of 1917, Petrograd was grim. There was food shortage in the workers’ quarters.
22 February : a lockout took place at a factory. Workers of 50 other factories joined in sympathy. Women also led and participated in the strikes. This came to be called the International Women’s Day.
The government imposed a curfew as the quarters of the fashionable area and official buildings were surrounded by workers.
On the 24th and 25th, the government called out the cavalry and police to keep an eye on them.
On 25th February, the government suspended the Duma and politicians spoke against this measure. The people were out with force once again.
On 27th, the police headquarters were ransacked.
Cavalry was called out again however it refused to fire on demonstrators.
An officer was shot at the barracks of a regiment and other regiments mutinied, voting to join the striking workers gathered to form a soviet or council. This was the Petrograd Soviet.
A delegation went to meet the Tsar, military commanders advised him to abdicate.
The Tsar abdicated on 2nd March.
A Provincial Government was formed by the Soviet and Duma leaders to run the country.
The people involved were the parliamentarians, workers, women workers, soldiers and military commanders.
Effects
Restrictions on public meetings and associations were removed.
Soviets were set up everywhere.
In individual areas factory committees were formed which began questioning the way industrialists ran their factories.
Soldiers’ committees were formed in the army.
The provisional government saw its power declining and Bolshevik influence grow. It decided to take stern measures against the spreading
Answer:
THE AGE OF SOCIAL CHANGE
The French Revolution opened up the possibility of creating a dramatic change in the way in which society was structured. Not everyone in Europe, however, wanted a complete transformation. Some were ‘conservatives’, while others were ‘liberals’ or ‘radicals’.
Liberals: Wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. They were against the uncontrolled power of the dynastic rulers.They wanted rights for individuals.They argued for an elected parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by a well trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials. They were not democrats because they did not believe in universal adult franchise.
Radicals: Wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country’s population. They disliked concentration of property in hands of a few, not the existence of private property.
Conservatives: They resisted change. After the revolution they started accepting change provided it was slow and had links and respected the past.
Industries and Social Change : This was the time of economic and social change. It was also the beginning of the industrial revolution. Men, women and children were pushed into factories for low wages, Liberals and radicals who were factory owners felt that efforts must be encouraged so that benefits of industrialization should be passed on to workers.
Socialism in Europe: Socialists were against private property and saw it as root of social evils.They had different visions of the future. Some believed in cooperatives, some demanded that governments must encourage cooperatives.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels added that industrial society was capitalist. Marx believed that a socialist society would free the workers from capitalism. This would be a communist society.
Support for Socialism : Socialists formed an organization called ‘Second International’ to spread socialist ideas. Workers in Germany and England began forming associations to fight for better living conditions. They set up funds for members in distress, reduction of working hours and right to vote.
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
In 1914, Tsar Nicholas II ruled the Russian empire.
Economy and Society: Most of the Russian population( about 85 %) were agriculturalist. Industries were being set up which was mostly private property of industrialists. Workers were divided into groups but they did unite to strike work when they were dissatisfied. Peasants had no respect for nobility, very unlike the French peasant. Russian peasants were the only peasant community which pooled their land and their commune divided
THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION IN PETROGRAD
Events
In the winter of 1917, Petrograd was grim. There was food shortage in the workers’ quarters.
22 February : a lockout took place at a factory. Workers of 50 other factories joined in sympathy. Women also led and participated in the strikes. This came to be called the International Women’s Day.
The government imposed a curfew as the quarters of the fashionable area and official buildings were surrounded by workers.
On the 24th and 25th, the government called out the cavalry and police to keep an eye on them.
On 25th February, the government suspended the Duma and politicians spoke against this measure. The people were out with force once again.
On 27th, the police headquarters were ransacked.
Cavalry was called out again however it refused to fire on demonstrators.
An officer was shot at the barracks of a regiment and other regiments mutinied, voting to join the striking workers gathered to form a soviet or council. This was the Petrograd Soviet.
A delegation went to meet the Tsar, military commanders advised him to abdicate.
The Tsar abdicated on 2nd March.
A Provincial Government was formed by the Soviet and Duma leaders to run the country.
The people involved were the parliamentarians, workers, women workers, soldiers and military commanders.
Effects
Restrictions on public meetings and associations were removed.
Soviets were set up everywhere.
In individual areas factory committees were formed which began questioning the way industrialists ran their factories.
Soldiers’ committees were formed in the army.
The provisional government saw its power declining and Bolshevik influence grow. It decided to take stern measures against the spreading
Explanation: