Question

The chemical potential, which is the line integral of the force per unit charge due to chemical reactions (from the negative electrode to the positive electrode), is called the emf of the battery

Answer 1

Electromotive force

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Not to be confused with Electromagnetic field.

Electromotive force, abbreviated emf (denoted {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}} {\mathcal {E}} and measured in volts),[1] is the electrical action produced by a non-electrical source.[2] A device that converts other forms of energy into electrical energy (a "transducer"),[3] such as a battery (converting chemical energy) or generator (converting mechanical energy),[2] provides an emf as its output.[3] Sometimes an analogy to water "pressure" is used to describe electromotive force.[4] (The word "force" in this case is not used to mean force of interaction between bodies, as may be measured in pounds or newtons.)