the child said,"let me smoke cigarette."(indirect)
Answers
Answer:
Using longitudinal data from the multigenerational Youth Development Study (YDS), this article documents how parents’ long-term smoking trajectories are associated with adolescent children’s likelihood of smoking. Prospective data from the parents (from age 14–38 years) enable unique comparisons of the parents’ and children’s smoking behavior, as well as that of siblings.
METHODS:
Smoking trajectories are constructed using latent class analysis for the original YDS cohort (n = 1010). Multigenerational longitudinal data from 214 parents and 314 offspring ages 11 years and older are then analyzed by using logistic regression with cluster-corrected SEs.
RESULTS:
Four latent smoking trajectories emerged among the original cohort: stable nonsmokers (54%), early-onset light smokers who quit/reduce (16%), late-onset persistent smokers (14%), and early-onset persistent heavy smokers (16%). Although 8% of children of stable nonsmokers smoked in the last year, the other groups’ children had much higher percentages, ranging from 23% to 29%. Multivariate logistic regression models confirm that these significant differences were robust to the inclusion of myriad child- and parent-level measures (for which child age and grade point average [GPA] are significant predictors). Older sibling smoking, however, mediated the link between parental heavy smoking and child smoking.
CONCLUSIONS:
Even in an era of declining rates of teenage cigarette use in the United States, children of current and former smokers face an elevated risk of smoking. Prevention efforts to weaken intergenerational associations should consider parents’ long-term cigarette use, as well as the smoking behavior of older siblings in the household.
Keywords: cigarette use, multigenerational effects, parent smoking, sibling smoking, socioeconomic background
What’s Known on This Subject:
Adolescents are likely to smoke if their parent(s) smoke. Little research uses prospective longitudinal data from parents and children to more confidently document these intergenerational associations, alongside potential confounders (parental education) and mediators (school achievement, mental health, older sibling smoking).
What This Study Adds:
Analyses of long-term multigenerational data show how diverse parental smoking trajectories influence child smoking, controlling for measured confounders. The risk of smoking is especially high among children residing with a persistent heavy smoking parent and an older sibling who smokes.
The rates of smoking among adolescents in the United States have declined dramatically since 1997, although 6% of 8th graders and 12% of 10th graders in 2011 reported smoking in the past month.1 Adolescent cigarette use is both heritable and influenced by environmental factors.2 In particular, adolescents have an elevated risk of smoking if their parent(s) smoke. This intergenerational association may reflect the relatively strong genetic influence on tobacco use compared with other substances or the modeling and reinforcement of parental smoking behavior by offspring.3,4 Parental smoking may also elevate the risk of offspring cigarette use through child school failure, psychological distress, or weakened attachment to parents, as well as factors such as low parental education or older sibling cigarette use.
Several studies have investigated these intergenerational influences on adolescents’ cigarette use.5 Although cross-sectional,6–11 follow-up,12–15 and longitudinal16–18 studies of adolescents have shown a relationship between parental and child smoking, the overall body of research remains equivocal.5 Previous studies have been limited by the use of retrospective reports of parent smoking, the use of offspring reports of parental smoking and other parent-level risk factors, and the lack of detailed measures encompassing the duration and intensity of parental cigarette use.5 Multigenerational, longitudinal research moves beyond this limitation, helping to establish a stronger link between parents’ and adolescents’ reports of smoking.18–21 An advantage of such studies is the ability to model changes in parental smoking prospectively, providing evidence that parental smoking cessation is associated with lower use and cessation among adolescents.22–26
Explanation:
Answer:
well dont give him one tf
Explanation:
it is simple