Question

The degree interval between the reference points of Celsius scale is
$32$
$100$
$212$
$180$

​

Answer 1

Answer:

There are 100 degrees between the freezing (0°) and boiling points (100°) of water on the Celsius scale and 180 degrees between the similar points (32° and 212°) on the Fahrenheit scale.

Answer 2

Answer:

We have learned that chemistry is concerned with the properties of matter and with the energy changes that matter undergoes. We have discussed properties related to the mass and volume of a sample of matter. In this section we examine properties related to energy. Energy is measured either in joules (J) or in calories (cal), where the conversion factor relating the two units is:

4.184 J = 1 cal

The terms kilojoule (kJ), 1000 J, and kilocalorie (kcal), 1000 cal, are also commonly used. The large calorie (Calorie) used in nutrition is equal to one kilocalorie.

The amount of heat energy associated with a particular sample is dependent on its temperature, its mass, and its composition. Let us consider temperature before discussing its relationship to the energy of a sample.

A. Temperature

Temperature measures how hot or cold a sample is relative to something else, usually an arbitrary standard.

1. Temperature scales

Temperature is measured with a thermometer and is most commonly reported using one of three different scales: Fahrenheit (F), Celsius (C) (sometimes called centigrade), and Kelvin (sometimes called absolute).

The relationship between temperatures on these three scales is straightforward if you understand how a thermometer is constructed and calibrated. Two essential features of a thermometer are: (1) it contains a substance that expands when heated and contracts when cooled, and (2) it has some means to measure the expansion and contraction. In the thermometer with which you may be most familiar, the substance that expands and contracts is mercury. In order to measure its expansion or contraction, the mercury is confined within a small, thin-walled glass bulb connected to a very narrow or capillary tube. When the temperature increases, the mercury expands and its level in the capillary tube rises. This increase in height is proportional to the increase in temperature.

A thermometer is calibrated in the following manner. First, the mercury bulb of a new thermometer is immersed in a mixture of ice and water. When the height of the mercury in the column remains constant, a mark is made. This mark is one reference point. The ice-water mixture is then heated to boiling and kept at that temperature while the height of the mercury in the column rises to a new constant level. Another mark is made on the column at this level; this mark is a second reference point.