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Diamond is a solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. At room temperature and pressure, another solid form of carbon known as graphite is the chemically stable form of carbon, but diamond almost never converts to it. Diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any natural material, properties that are utilized in major industrial applications such as cutting and polishing tools. They are also the reason that diamond anvil cells can subject materials to pressures found deep in the Earth.
Diamond
A clear octahedral stone protrudes from a black rock.
The slightly misshapen octahedral shape of this rough diamond crystal in matrix is typical of the mineral. Its lustrous faces also indicate that this crystal is from a primary deposit.
General
Category
Native minerals
Formula
(repeating unit)
C
Strunz classification
1.CB.10a
Dana classification
1.3.6.1
Crystal system
Cubic
Crystal class
Hexoctahedral (m3m)
H-M symbol: (4/m 3 2/m)
Space group
Fd3m (No. 227)
Structure
Jmol (3D)
Interactive image
Identification
Formula mass
12.01 g/mol
Color
Typically yellow, brown, or gray to colorless. Less often blue, green, black, translucent white, pink, violet, orange, purple, and red.
Crystal habit
Octahedral
Twinning
Spinel law common (yielding "macle")
Cleavage
111 (perfect in four directions)
Fracture
Irregular/Uneven
Mohs scale hardness
10 (defining mineral)
Luster
Adamantine
Streak
Colorless
Diaphaneity
Transparent to subtransparent to translucent
Specific gravity
3.52±0.01
Density
3.5–3.53 g/cm3
Polish luster
Adamantine
Optical properties
Isotropic
Refractive index
2.418 (at 500 nm)
Birefringence
None
Pleochroism
None
Dispersion
0.044
Melting point
Pressure dependent
References
[1][2]
Because the arrangement of atoms in diamond is extremely rigid, few types of impurity can contaminate it (two exceptions being boron and nitrogen). Small numbers of defects or impurities (about one per million of lattice atoms) color diamond blue (boron), yellow (nitrogen), brown (defects), green (radiation exposure), purple, pink, orange or red. Diamond also has relatively high optical dispersion (ability to disperse light of different colors).
Most natural diamonds have ages between 1 billion and 3.5 billion years. Most were formed at depths between 150 and 250 kilometres (93 and 155 mi) in the Earth's mantle, although a few have come from as deep as 800 kilometres (500 mi). Under high pressure and temperature, carbon-containing fluids dissolved various minerals and replaced them with diamonds. Much more recently (tens to hundreds of million years ago), they were carried to the surface in volcanic eruptions and deposited in igneous rocks known as kimberlites and lamproites.