Question

The dipole moment of given distribution is

Answer 1

Answer:

The electric dipole moment is a measure of the separation of positive and negative electrical charges within a system, that is, a measure of the system's overall polarity. The SI units for electric dipole moment are coulomb-meter (C⋅m); however, a commonly used unit in atomic physics and chemistry is the debye (D).

Answer 2

Answer:

The interaction of light with particles

The dipole moment is defined as the sum of the products of the charges of the system by the radius vectors of these charges. For some molecules the dipole moment exists in the absence of any external field. For others it is zero and is formed only in the presence of an external electric field due to charge redistribution.

Dipole interaction with a strong laser radiation field leads to rotation or vibration of the molecular axis. At a constant dipole moment of the molecule and a constant electric field the molecules are oriented along the field direction. The electric field of an electromagnetic wave causes the charged particles to oscillate. Then the Lorenz interaction with the magnetic field of the wave pushes the charge in the direction of wave propagation. The wave gives an impetus to the charge, which means that the wave itself has a momentum.

The tendency of molecules to align in the presence of an alternating laser field is well known in non-linear optics .

The alignment of polar molecules is responsible for the orientational Kerr effect: an optically isotropic medium under a constant electric field becomes anisotropic and birefringent.

For non-polar molecules in an light field holds the optical Kerr effect operates: the atoms and molecules, initially having no permanent dipole moment, acquire this momen under the influence of the field, i.e. they are polarized. The reason for polarization is the tendency of electrons to move in the opposite direction of the electric field, while the heavy positively charged nucleus are practically not displaced. The negatively charged electrons tend to occupy the area opposite to the direction of the vector of the external electric field. In this case, the dipole moment is proportional to the field, and the coefficient of proportionality is called the polarizability of the molecule α.

The optical Kerr effect is observed in almost any molecular medium, leading to the dependence of the refractive index on the strength of the laser radiation field and the anisotropy of the refractive index relative to the direction of polarization

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