The doctrine of invisible-hand applies to economies in which all the markets are--
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The concept of the "invisible hand" was explained by Adam Smith in his 1776 classic foundational work, "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations." It referred to the indirect or unintended benefits for society that result from the operations of a free market economy. Smith, considered having founded modern economic theory in the late 18th century, was no fan of widespread government regulation of the economy. He even went so far as to defend smuggling as a natural, legitimate part of the economy. His "laissez-faire," or free market, theories are primarily embraced by the modern-day Milton Friedman school of economic thought, which stands in contrast to the 19th century Keynesian economic theories that became increasingly predominant in shaping the economic policies of western governments since the 1930s and the Great Depression.
Smith's theory of the invisible hand constitutes the basis of his belief that large-scale government intervention and regulation of the economy is neither necessary nor beneficial. Smith put forth the notion of the invisible hand in arguing that free individuals operating in a free economy, making decisions, primarily focused on their own self-interest, logically take actions that result in benefiting society as a whole even though such beneficial results were not the specific focus or intent of those actions.
Smith went on to argue that the intentional intervention of government regulation, although it is specifically intended to protect or benefit society as a whole, in practice is usually less effective for achieving that end than a freely operating market economy. In many cases, it is actually harmful to the people as a whole by denying them the benefits of an unencumbered marketplace. Entrepreneurs are driven by the desire to create a successful business so they can personally prosper.
According to Smith, the collective desires of all the individual buyers and sellers in a free economy naturally operate in such a way as to accomplish all of the following:
- Produce the most desired and beneficial goods in the most efficient manner possible, since the seller who most successfully does this gains the greatest market share and revenues.
- Make goods and services available at the functionally lowest prices possible, since free competition between sellers does not allow for price gouging.
- Automatically flow the bulk of investment capital toward funding the production of the most necessary, most beneficial and most wanted goods and services, since businesses producing goods or services for which there is the highest demand are able to command the highest prices and resulting profits.
Whether the invisible hand of free market "goodwill" exists or works is hotly debated. There is, however, no denying that Smith's market philosophy drove the creation of the most successful economy in history.
Smith's theory of the invisible hand constitutes the basis of his belief that large-scale government intervention and regulation of the economy is neither necessary nor beneficial. Smith put forth the notion of the invisible hand in arguing that free individuals operating in a free economy, making decisions, primarily focused on their own self-interest, logically take actions that result in benefiting society as a whole even though such beneficial results were not the specific focus or intent of those actions.
Smith went on to argue that the intentional intervention of government regulation, although it is specifically intended to protect or benefit society as a whole, in practice is usually less effective for achieving that end than a freely operating market economy. In many cases, it is actually harmful to the people as a whole by denying them the benefits of an unencumbered marketplace. Entrepreneurs are driven by the desire to create a successful business so they can personally prosper.
According to Smith, the collective desires of all the individual buyers and sellers in a free economy naturally operate in such a way as to accomplish all of the following:
- Produce the most desired and beneficial goods in the most efficient manner possible, since the seller who most successfully does this gains the greatest market share and revenues.
- Make goods and services available at the functionally lowest prices possible, since free competition between sellers does not allow for price gouging.
- Automatically flow the bulk of investment capital toward funding the production of the most necessary, most beneficial and most wanted goods and services, since businesses producing goods or services for which there is the highest demand are able to command the highest prices and resulting profits.
Whether the invisible hand of free market "goodwill" exists or works is hotly debated. There is, however, no denying that Smith's market philosophy drove the creation of the most successful economy in history.
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