THE FIRST WORLD WAR ,KHILAFAT AND NON_COOPERATION
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Answer:The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
How did Nationalism emerge in India?
People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism.
The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together.
The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge these groups together within one movement.
In India, the growth of modern nationalism is intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement.
Explanation:Effects of World War I in India:
First World War created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge increase of taxes like customs duties and income tax introduced.
Through the war years prices increased which led to extreme hardship for the common people.
Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
From 1918 to 1921, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food. This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic.
According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.
What is Satyagraha?
The idea of satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the struggle was against truth and injustice, without seeking angry, vengeance or aggression, a satyagrahi could win the battle through nonviolence.
Successful satyagraha movements from 1916 to 1918:
Mahatma Gandhi successfully organized three satyagraha movements in various places.
In 1916 Mahatma Gandhi traveled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
Then in 1917, Mahatma Gandhi organized a satyagrahato support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat who were affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic and were demanding that revenue collection be relaxed.
In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organize a satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.
The Rowlatt Act and Rowlatt Satyagraha:
Rowlatt Act (1919) gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April 1919.
Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down.
Causes for Jallianwalla Bagh massacre:
To repress Rowlatt Satyagraha local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
On 10 April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, provoke widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command.
On 13 April a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. Being from outside the city, many villagers were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed.
General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.
As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings. The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorize people.
Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Rowlatt Satyagraha movement.
Khilafat Committee and Khilafat Movement:
The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey and a harsh peace treaty was imposed on the Ottoman Emperor ( Khalifa) – the spiritual head of the Islamic world.
To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919.
Young Muslim leaders like Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, began a movement against the British in India which is called Khilafat Movement.
Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims and Hindus under the umbrella of a unified national movement.
At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj.
Why did Gandhiji organize Non-cooperation?
Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established and survived in India with the cooperation of Indians.
If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year, and swaraj would come.
How could (idea of )non-cooperation become a mass movement?
Gandhiji proposed that the movement should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded.
The movement should continue with boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods.
Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.
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