Question

the flux through flat surface of area a in uniform electric field e is a minimum when?
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Answer 1

Answer:

Gauss’ Law makes use of the concept of “flux”. Flux is always defined based on:

A surface.

A vector field (e.g. the electric field).

and can be thought of as a measure of the number of field lines from the vector field that cross the given surface. For that reason, one usually refers to the “flux of the electric field through a surface”. This is illustrated in Figure  17.1.1  for a uniform horizontal electric field, and a flat surface, whose normal vector,  A⃗  , is shown. If the surface is perpendicular to the field (left panel), and the field vector is thus parallel to the vector,  A⃗  , then the flux through that surface is maximal. If the surface is parallel to the field (right panel), then no field lines cross that surface, and the flux through that surface is zero. If the surface is rotated with respect to the electric field, as in the middle panel, then the flux through the surface is between zero and the maximal value.