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Since its inception, the UN General Assembly has been a forum for lofty declarations, sometimes audacious rhetoric, and rigorous debate over the world’s most vexing issues, from poverty and development to peace and security. As the most representative organ of the United Nations, the assembly holds a general debate in the organization’s New York headquarters from September to December and convenes special sessions at other times to address a range of issues.
This year’s session will commemorate the seventy-fifth anniversary of the United Nations’ founding. It will mark the event on September 21 with a high-level meeting. For the first time in UN history, the session will be held almost entirely online, due to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic and regulations on international travel and large gatherings.
World leaders and top officials will submit video statements to be played in the General Assembly Hall. Leaders will virtually convene for the general debate beginning September 22. U.S. President Donald J. Trump signaled that he intends to appear before the assembly in person.
Underpinning this year’s agenda is the theme of multilateralism. World leaders are expected to debate issues including the global response to the coronavirus pandemic and sustainable development. Discussions on climate change, biodiversity, and nuclear disarmament are also on the agenda. What is the General Assembly’s membership?
There are 193 UN member states, each with a vote in the General Assembly. The assembly’s president changes with each annual session and is elected by the body itself. The president of the seventy-fifth session is Volkan Bozkir, who served as Turkey’s minister of European Union affairs and the chief negotiator for Turkish accession to the EU. The president is empowered to enforce rules of procedure, such as opening debate, setting the agenda, limiting speaking times for representatives, and suspending or adjourning debate. Presidents in recent years have moved beyond the procedural role to invite UN officials to brief the assembly. This has sometimes aroused opposition from member states. In 2011, for example, Assembly President Nassir Abdulaziz al-Nasser invited the high commissioner for human rights to brief member states on the Syrian civil war despite opposition from Syria’s backers.
Membership can be contentious. Taiwan has been denied UN membership for more than two decades due to objections from China, which holds a permanent seat on the Security Council and considers Taiwan part of its sovereign territory. In 2018, Taiwanese officials visited New York ahead of the General Assembly to tout the island’s fulfillment of UN Sustainable Development Goals, seen as part of broader efforts to join UN agencies. Palestine’s status at the United Nations has also been controversial. The 2011 General Assembly session was dominated by discord surrounding Palestine’s bid to become a member state, which stalled in the Security Council after the United States vowed to veto such a measure. At the 2012 General Assembly, member states passed a resolution, 138–9 (with 41 abstentions), to upgrade Palestine from a nonmember observer entity to nonmember observer state. Palestine and Vatican City are the United Nations’ two nonmember observer states, which have the right to speak at assembly meetings but cannot vote on resolutions.
Is the General Assembly in need of reform?
Yes, say many experts on the United Nations and leading donor nations. Efforts to revitalize the assembly’s work focus on increasing its power vis-à-vis the Security Council, making the process for appointing UN executives more transparent, and improving the quality of debate within the body. But the assembly has continued to resist deep-seated reforms, a reflection of the rift between its many members from the developing world, who want to retain a strong say in deliberations, and the wealthy nations that serve as the United Nations’ main donors.
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