"The Government of India has introduced Various institutional and technological reforms to improve agriculture in the 1980s and 1990s.
Support this statement with example.
Answers
For increasing agricultural productivity, the Government of India introduced many institutional and technological reforms in 1980s and 2990s.
Some of these are started with examples below:-
1. Institutional Reforms:- Major institutional reforms include collectivisation, consolidation of land holdings (Chakbandi), development of cooperative societies, abolition of zamindari, etc. As right of inheritance divide the land holdings to very small units that reduce productivity,so,land reform was the main focus in our First Five Year Plan.
2. Technological Reforms:- The laws of land reforms were enacted but their implementation was lacking somewhere. The Government of India in 1960s-70s introduced agricultural reforms to prove Indian agriculture like green and white revolution.
3. Agricultural Finance:- Establishment of grameen (regional rural) banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest.
4. Land Development Programme:- In the 1980s and 1990s, many institutional and technical reforms were made under comprehensive Land Development Programme (LDP). Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease.
5. Other Reforms:- Other benefit schemes for the farmers are.
Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme for giving easy and cheap loans to small farmers. Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) for Kisan Credit Card (KCC) holders.
Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced through radio and television channels.
Government also announced Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for various agricultural products like cereals, pulses and other (to check the exploitation of farmers by middlemen).
Answer:
Institutional Reforms :
(I) A Comprehensive Land Development Program was started.
(ii) Provision of harvest protection against dry spell, floods, violent wind, fire and ailment.
(iii) Establishment of Gramin Banks , Cooperative Societies and Banks for giving credit offices to the ranchers at lower rates of premium.
(iv) Kissan Credit Card (KCC) presented.
(v) Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) presented.
(vi) The administration reported Minimum Support Price, gainful and obtainment costs to diminish abuse.
Technological Reforms :
(I) HYV seeds/Chemical Fertilizer/Pesticides were given.
(ii) Methods of Irrigation modernized.
(iii) Latest rural types of gear presented.
(iv) Special climate announcements and horticultural projects for ranchers were presented on Radio and Television.